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If you consider Puppeteer cool, then Playwright is awesomeness 😍

Fri, 24 Jan 2020 00:00:00 GMT

If you’ve ever used Puppeteer, you’d know it enables you to control a Chrome instance (or any other Chrome DevTools Protocol based browser) and execute common actions, much like in a real browser - programmatically, through a decent API. The same team has now build a new product called Playwright which apparently is their new favourite.

What is Playwright? 🤔

Playwright is a Node library which allows you to automate all major browsers - Chrome, Firefox, WebKit, and the new Microsoft Edge - plus the ability to execute actions, take screenshots, and much more, similar to Puppeteer.

In their own words:

Playwright is focused on enabling cross-browser web automation platform that is ever-green, capable, reliable and fast. Our primary goal with Playwright is to improve automated UI testing by eliminating flakiness, improving the speed of execution and offering insights into the browser operation.

Imagine the possibility of running end to end tests on all major browsers before you ship your any product to your users.

Is is replacing Puppeteer?

Based on what I see and how they’ve answered, I’d say YES. But with a promise to contain all of the functionality of Puppeteer, and make it a cross platform, vendor-neutral, and a collaboration effort between all major parties.

The lessons learnt are incorporated into it, APIs are testing-friendly, and it will be a cloud native product. For example all the user agent/device emulation is setup consistently on an object called BrowserContext to enable multi-page scenarios, click waits for the element to be available and visible by default, there is a way to wait for network and other events, etc.

Getting started

You can install Playwright via npm:

npm i playwright

This will install Playwright and its dependencies. Note that it will also download the browser binaries which are quite bulky (~50MB to ~150MB).

Launching a browser

Playwright module provides a method to launch a browser instance. The following is a typical example of using Playwright to drive automation. Below snippet shows opening a Chrome instance and browsing example.com page.

const playwright = require('playwright').chromium;  // Or 'firefox' or 'webkit'.

(async () => {
  const browser = await playwright.launch();
  const context = await browser.newContext();
  const page = await context.newPage('http://example.com');
  // other actions...
  await browser.close();
})();

Taking a screenshot of the page

You can execute most of the actions available on DevTools. For example we can take a screenshot of the page like so:

const pw = require('playwright');

(async () => {
  const browser = await pw.webkit.launch(); // or 'chromium', 'firefox'
  const context = await browser.newContext();
  const page = await context.newPage();

  await page.goto('https://www.example.com/');
  await page.screenshot({ path: 'example.png' });

  await browser.close();
})();

Emulate a device

const playwright = require('playwright').firefox;  
const iPhone = playwright.devices['iPhone 11 Pro'];

(async () => {
  const browser = await playwright.launch();
  const context = await browser.newContext({
    viewport: iPhone.viewport,
    userAgent: iPhone.userAgent
  });
  const page = await context.newPage('http://example.com');
  // other actions...
  await browser.close();
})();

Going beyond simple

Playwright allows you to easily emulate geo-location data.

const pw = require('playwright');
const pixel2 = pw.devices['Pixel 2'];

(async () => {
  const browser = await pw.chromium.launch();
  const context = await browser.newContext({
    viewport: pixel2.viewport,
    userAgent: pixel2.userAgent,
    geolocation: { longitude: 12.492507, latitude: 41.889938 },
    permissions: { 'https://www.google.com': ['geolocation'] }
  });

  const page = await context.newPage('https://maps.google.com');
  await page.click('text="Your location"');
  await page.waitForRequest(/.*pwa\/net.js.*/);
  await page.screenshot({ path: 'colosseum-android.png' });
  await browser.close();
})();

Note how we had to set the grant the necessary permission on the context, which means this is exactly what happens when a user browses the page.

Accessing elements on page

ElementHandle represents an in-page DOM element. ElementHandles can be created with the page.$ method, similar to what we’ve been using in DevTools.

const playwright = require('playwright').chromium;  // Or 'firefox' or 'webkit'.

(async () => {
  const browser = await playwright.launch();
  const context = await browser.newContext();
  const page = await context.newPage('https://example.com');
  const hrefElement = await page.$('a');
  await hrefElement.click();
  // ...
})();

Typing in text boxes

You can emulate a user typing into text fields, for example performing a search action:

const elementHandle = await page.$('input');
await elementHandle.type('Hello'); // Types instantly
await elementHandle.type('World', {delay: 100}); // Types slower, like a user
await elementHandle.press('Enter');

What else?

You can even play with mouse (pun intended):

// Using ‘page.mouse’ to trace a 100x100 square.
await page.mouse.move(0, 0);
await page.mouse.down();
await page.mouse.move(0, 100);
await page.mouse.move(100, 100);
await page.mouse.move(100, 0);
await page.mouse.move(0, 0);
await page.mouse.up();

What next?

The list of the available actions and what is available on the API documentation page. The list is almost overwhelming, in a good way 😁.

What browsers are supported?

Chromium: Playwright uses upstream versions of Chromium.
WebKit: Playwright makes a number of modifications to WebCore and WebKit2 in order to extend WebKit’s remote debugging capabilities and support the full set of Playwright APIs.
Firefox: Playwright makes a number of modifications to Firefox as well. Those are adding support for content script debugging, workers, CSP, emulation, network interception, etc. etc.
MS Edge: Since it’s based on Chromium, it’s supported as well.

What is the update cadence?

The team follow semver, and the team are trying to keep in sync with Chromium update cycle, possibly once a month.

But

Playwright is in a stage where there might be breaking changes coming up as it progresses through full support for those browsers. You can find more information around this on their Is Playwright Ready? page.

So go have fun and enjoy this awesome emerging web technology 👍🏼. I will be exploring this on a couple of my side projects too, so stay tuned for more posts.

Get to know the Clipboard API, be smarter with user interactions 📋

Thu, 09 Jan 2020 00:00:00 GMT

We face many situations in which we need to interact with user’s clipboard. Up until recently, browsers were using document.execCommand for clipboard interactions. It sounded great and it was (and still is) widely supported way to copy, cut, and paste into web apps, but the catch was that clipboard access is asynchronous and can just write to DOM.

Background

The fact that clipboard access is asynchronous means the user experience was suffering because a clipboard transfer was happening. This got worst when pasting because in most cases you need to sanitise the content can be safely processed.

It even got worst when permissions got into the equation, or the browser had to copy information from a link in the text and page had to wait for a network request, so the usage wasn’t that widespread.

Clipboard API

It was all sad and gloomy until the new Clipboard API was born. This API is a replacement for document.execCommand based copy and pasting that has a well defined permissions model and doesn’t block the page.

This API is a property of the window.navigator and is constructed from below properties and methods:

read()
readText()
write(data)
writeText(text)
addEventListener(event, handler)
removeEventListener(event, handler)
dispatchEvent(event)

To detect whether the feature is supported in the browser or not you can do:

if (navigator.clipboard) {
  // yep, happy coding.
} else {
  // oh no 😢. Use execCommand for now
}

In addition to that goodness, it can also read from and write to system clipboard 😍. Access to clipboard is behind Permissions API, which means without user’s permission none of these operations are permitted.

Copy text to clipboard

Text can be copied to the clipboard by calling the writeText method. This function returns a promise that will be resolved or rejected based on how the operation was performed.

navigator.clipboard.writeText('I am writing to clipboard 📋')
  .then(() => {
    console.log('Woohoo');
  })
  .catch(err => {    
    console.error('Oh no: ', err);
  });

On of the reasons the catch function might be called is that the permission is not granted by the user or they deny it.

You can use an async function and await:

async function writeTextToClipboard() {
  try {
    await navigator.clipboard.writeText('I am writing to clipboard 📋');
    console.log('Woohoo');  
  } catch (err) {
    console.error('Oh no: ', err);
  }
}

Read from clipboard

To read the copied text from clipboard, you can use the readText method and wait for the returned promise:

navigator.clipboard.readText()
  .then(text => {
    console.log('Pasted content: ', text);
  })
  .catch(err => {
    console.error('Oh no: ', err);
  });

And with async/await:

async function getCopiedTextFromClioboard() {
  try {
    const text = await navigator.clipboard.readText();
    console.log('Pasted content: ', text);
  } catch (err) {
    console.error('Oh no: ', err);
  }
}

Let’s see this in a demo.

See the Pen Clipboard API Demo by Yaser Adel Mehraban (@yashints) on CodePen.

Notice you had to give permission for it to work.

Handling paste

You can hook up to the (surprise) paste event on the document to be able to receive the text when it’s copied into clipboard and a paste action is triggered by user agent. If you want to modify the received data, you need to prevent the event from bubbling up.

document.addEventListener('paste', async (e) => {
  e.preventDefault(); // need to do something with the text
  try {
    let text = await navigator.clipboard.readText();
    text = text.toUpperCase();
    console.log('Pasted UPPERCASE text: ', text);
  } catch (err) {
    console.error('Oh no: ', err);
  }
});

Handling copy

Similar to paste, you can handle copy events too:

document.addEventListener('paste', async (e) => {
  e.preventDefault(); 
  try {
    for (const item of e.clipboardData.items) {
      await navigator.clipboard.write([
        new ClipboardItem({
          [blob.type]: blob
        })
      ]);
    }
    console.log('Image copied.');
  } catch (err) {
    console.error('Oh no: ', err);
  }
});

Permissions

The navigator.clipboard is only supported for pages served over HTTPS, plus clipboard access is restricted only when allowed to prevent further abuse. Active pages can write to clipboard, but reading requires granted permission.

There two new permissions which was introduced when Clipboard API was developed:

The clipboard-write is granted automatically to any active tab.
The clipboard-read must be requested.

const queryOpts = { name: 'clipboard-read' };
const permissionStatus = await navigator.permissions.query(queryOpts);
// Will be 'granted', 'denied' or 'prompt':
console.log(permissionStatus.state);

// Listen for changes to the permission state
permissionStatus.onchange = () => {
  console.log(permissionStatus.state);
};

Images

We don’t always use text, so the new write() method was introduced to allow us to write other data formats to the clipboard. This method is asynchronous too and truth is, writeText is calling this method behind the scenes.

Write to clipboard

To write an image to clipboard, you need to convert your image to a Blob. You can do it using a canvas element by calling the toBlob() function. At this point you can only pass one image at a time and multi image is under progress by Chrome team.

const canvas = document.getElementById("myCanvas");
const ctx = canvas.getContext('2d');

var img = new Image();
img.setAttribute('crossorigin', 'anonymous');
img.onload = function() {
  ctx.drawImage(img, 0, 0, 150, 150);
  img.style.display = 'none';

  canvas.toBlob(function(blob) {
    navigator.clipboard.write([
      new ClipboardItem({
        [blob.type]: blob
      })
    ]);
  })
};
  
img.src = 'https://image-url';

Read the image from clipboard

To read the image you’ll need to use the read() method, which reads the data and returns a list of ClipboardItem objects. You can use for...of which handles the async part for you as well.

Each returned object can have different type, so best option would be to call getType() on it and act accordingly. In our case the corresponding type would be Blob.

const items = await navigator.clipboard.read(); 

for (const clipboardItem of items) {
  for (const type of clipboardItem.types) {        
    if (type === "image/png") {
      console.log(type);
      const blob = await clipboardItem.getType(type);        
    }
  }
}

You can see a full demo here:

See the Pen Clipboard API Image Demo by Yaser Adel Mehraban (@yashints) on CodePen.

Browser support

The browser support for this API as of writing this article is not there yet. Chrome and Firefox are fully supporting both the Clipboard API and ClipboardEvent API.

Edge doesn’t support it and it’s been worked on in Safari.

Summary

We saw how easy and convenient it is to work with clipboard with this awesome API, and how much better the user experience will be.

So without further ado, happy coding 💻.

A year in review, what's coming 📆

Mon, 06 Jan 2020 00:00:00 GMT

I am back from a well deserved holiday and thought first thing first, I should review the last year and set some goals for the new one to be able to focus my energy to the right direction and learn from any mistake or missed opportunities.

A review on 2019

Last year was a super hectic year for me personally. I was working a full time consultancy job, advancing in my public speaking journey (more on this later), kicking some goals and missing others. All in all, it was a year with some ‘wow great’ and some ‘oh boy’ moments.

But let me start with the good parts first:

Learnt so many new topics and concepts.
Spoke at 8 major conferences and 7 meetups.
Got promoted to lead consultant.
Published 38 blog post.
Restarted going to gym two to three times a week.
Started on Dev.to and reached 15K followers, 170K post views, 6.5K reactions.
Published two npm packages.
Contributed to Open Source.
Read 60 books 🤯 (technical and non-technical).
Finished 10 side projects.
Met so many amazing people and made new friends.
And finished up with a position as a developer advocate for TelstraDev.

It was so good and I couldn’t believe what a little motivation could do.

However, this came with a cost, I felt nearly burnt down and exhausted from all of these activities, so I reduced them towards the end of the year and gave myself some time to recover. I didn’t touch Twitter (apart from posting some photos of my woodworking), didn’t check LinkedIn, read some books, restarted woodworking, enjoyed doing nothing basically.

I don’t want to go through too much detail, overall it was a great year.

2020, where to?

Starting 2020 for me was a with mixed feelings. I wanted to fix some errors I made last year, but at the same time I had to take some tough decisions. So here are my 2020 goals:

Be a better person.
Read more books.
Publish more targeted blog posts.
Take good care of my body and mind.
Learn more, listen more, talk less.
Continue public speaking, but be more selective, get more invitation, maybe a keynote/locknote, help others get started.
Be a caring and mindful advocate for developers out there.
Continue woodworking, spend more time with family, and spend less of weekends on technical subjects to balance lifestyle.
Be more productive by sleeping more, eating healthy food, and more exercise.
Make new friends, surround myself with good people.
And a nice to have one is to start a video podcast on web and front end.

This list is not a far fetched list, it’s a carefully drafted one based on last year’s review and feedback.

And I am so grateful for the support I’ve received by all of you. Keep your positive energy coming and stay tuned for some quality content coming up.

Image aspect ratio done right 😍

Thu, 19 Dec 2019 00:00:00 GMT

If you have an image on the page which is 600x200 pixels, what is the chance of it shown exactly with that size? I’d say not likely, because most of the time it’s put inside a container which defined the width and the image is set to width: %100. But the size of the image is not that important at this point, what is important is that you will have a DOM reflow once the image is loaded.

Problem

Let’s see this in action. I’ll use Glitch to quickly whip up a demo. We need three divs, two of those contain a piece of text and the one in between contains an image.

<head>
  <title>Image aspect ratio</title>
  <style>
    .image-container {
      width: 500px;
    }

    img {
      width: 100%;
    }
  </style>
</head>
<body>
  <h1>Image aspect ratio done right</h1>
    
  <div >
    <p>
      This is the first bit of text here!
    </p>        
  </div>
  
  <div class="image-container">
    <img src="https://www.hindustantimes.com/rf/image_size_960x540/HT/p2/2018/09/08/Pictures/_7ae928c8-b34e-11e8-bb15-a1f88311a832.jpg"
          width="960" height="540"/>
  </div>
  
  <div>
    <p>
      This is the second bit of text here!
    </p>  
  </div>
</body>

You can see the full page in this Glitch app.

If we load the site under a slow network now (on high speed network you can’t see much of a difference), you will the page load like this:

First the two paragraphs appear close to each other, then when the network request is finished, the image fills its gap and there is a DOM reflow performed to push the second paragraph down. How sad is that 😥?

Solution #1

The very first thing we can do is to simply set the image height to auto. This is a new feature which has landed in FireFox and Chrome. This will tell the browser to find out the metadata from image attributes, calculate the necessary height and reserve that space. So all we need to do is this:

<style>
  img {
    width: 100%;
  }
</style>

And we we reload the page on the same network, you can see the page load like this:

How good is that 😍?

Solution #2

There is a new proposal in a draft state which is introducing a new CSS property called, well aspect-ratio. With this you can simply add the property to img tag and use the width and height attributes to tell the browser how much space should be reserved.

img {
  aspect-ratio: attr(width) / attr(height);
}

This has the benefit of being super simple, readable, and supporting most of the images on the web because many people already have put width and height attributes on their images.

On the other hand, a junior developer who’s starting with HTML and CSS doesn’t have any trouble understanding what’s happening and how little should be done to do something properly.

This has been implemented in Firefox, Chrome and Edge.

Summary

Getting image aspect ratio is very important especially if it impacts your site’s user experience. So knowing how to fix that issue is also important. Hope you’ve enjoyed this article and till next time 👋🏼.

Tensorflow.js available on WebAssembly backend 🔥

Tue, 17 Dec 2019 00:00:00 GMT

Tensorflow.js is a library which lets you perform machine learning in the browser or in Node. It uses the GPU or CPU to do training and calculation, but recently the team have done a great job and brought WebAssembly backend to its ecosystem so that you can perform predictions faster. So without further ado, let’s deep dive into this greatness.

Scenario

Let’s assume you want to perform object detection in a given image. For this you can use multiple models, but for now let’s focus on MobileNet.

We will use parcel to setup our app.

Setup without WASM backend

Packages

We will need to have a package.json file with below setup:

{
  "name": "wasm-parcel",
  "version": "1.0.0",
  "description": "Sample parcel app that uses the WASM backend",
  "scripts": {
    "watch": "parcel index.html --open",
    "build": "parcel build index.html"
  },
  "dependencies": {
    "@tensorflow/tfjs": "^1.4.0",
    "@tensorflow/tfjs-backend-wasm": "1.4.0-alpha3"
  },
  "browserslist": [
    "defaults"
  ],
  "devDependencies": {
    "@babel/core": "7.7.5",
    "@babel/plugin-transform-runtime": "^7.7.6",
    "@babel/preset-env": "^7.7.6",
    "parcel-bundler": "^1.12.4",
    "parcel-plugin-static-files-copy": "^2.2.1"
  },
  "keywords": []
}

HTML

Let’s setup our app like we do normally with Tensorflow.js. We need to add a div to show the status, and another div which contains an image tag:

<div class="tfjs-example-container">
  <section class="title-area">
    <h1>TensorFlow.js running on WebAssembly backend</h1>
  </section>

  <section>
    <p class="section-head">Status</p>
    <div id="status"></div>
  </section>

  <section>
    <p class="section-head">Image used</p>

    <img id="img" src="https://cdn.glitch.com/6e79f1d1-4e57-42bc-a2aa-0aaca87b6f6d%2Fpiano.jpg?v=1576551575229" width="224px" />
  </section>
</div>

And let’s our JavaScript file before body close tag:

<script src="index.js"></script>

Altogether your HTML should look something like this:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
  <head>
    <title>Hello!</title>
    <meta charset="utf-8" />
    <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge" />
    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" />
    <link rel="stylesheet" href="style.css" />
  </head>
  <body>
    <div class="tfjs-example-container">
      <section class="title-area">
        <h1>TensorFlow.js running on WebAssembly backend</h1>
      </section>
  
      <section>
        <p class="section-head">Status</p>
        <div id="status"></div>
      </section>
  
      <section>
        <p class="section-head">Image used</p>
  
        <img id="img" src="https://cdn.glitch.com/6e79f1d1-4e57-42bc-a2aa-0aaca87b6f6d%2Fpiano.jpg?v=1576551575229" width="224px" />
      </section>
  
      <script src="index.js"></script>
    </div>
  </body>
</html>

CSS

Let’s add some basic styling so that it’s not an ugly app when we run it. We’re doing some cool stuff here and it deserves good look 😉:

/* CSS files add styling rules to your content */

body {
  font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif;
  margin: 2em;
}

p {
  max-width: 960px;
  line-height: 1.6em;
}

p.section-head {
  font-variant: small-caps;
  text-transform: uppercase;
  letter-spacing: 0.17em;
  line-height: 1.2em;
  font-weight: 500;
  margin-top: 2em;
  margin-bottom: 1em;
  border-left: 2px solid #ef6c00;
  padding-left: 24px;
  margin-left: -24px;
  color: #818181;
}

JavaScript

In the code we need to perform two main operations, load the model, and use it for prediction. So lets load the model first:

import * as tf from "@tensorflow/tfjs";

let model = await tf.loadGraphModel(
  "https://tfhub.dev/google/imagenet/mobilenet_v2_100_224/classification/2",
  { fromTFHub: true }
);

And we get a reference to the image tag, use browser.fromPixel method of Tensorflow.js to load the image and normalise it. And at last, feed it into predict method of our model:

const imgElement = document.getElementById("img");

let img = tf.browser
    .fromPixels(imgElement)
    .resizeBilinear([224, 224])
    .expandDims(0)
    .toFloat();

const prediction = model.predict(img);

Since we want to compare the timing between the two approach, let’s add some timers into our method and measure how long the operation would take. Altogether your JavaScript file should look like this:

import * as tf from "@tensorflow/tfjs";

function status(text) {
  document.getElementById("status").textContent = text;
}

async function main() {
  
  let model = await tf.loadGraphModel(
    "https://tfhub.dev/google/imagenet/mobilenet_v2_100_224/classification/2",
    { fromTFHub: true }
  );

  const startTime1 = performance.now();  

  const imgElement = document.getElementById("img");
  status("Model loaded!");

  let img = tf.browser
    .fromPixels(imgElement)
    .resizeBilinear([224, 224])
    .expandDims(0)
    .toFloat();
  
  let startTime2 = performance.now();
  
  const logits = model.predict(img);

  const totalTime1 = performance.now() - startTime1;
  const totalTime2 = performance.now() - startTime2;
  status(`Done in ${Math.floor(totalTime1)} ms ` +
      `(not including preprocessing: ${Math.floor(totalTime2)} ms)`);

  const values = await logits.data();
  console.log(values);  
}

document.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded", main);

.babelrc

If you don’t setup the babel plugins properly, you will get an error like below:

❌ Uncaught ReferenceError: regeneratorRuntime is not defined at HTMLDocument.main (index.js:8)

That’s because we’re using an async function on the top level. Add the below config to your .babelrc file to get around the error.

{
  "presets": ["@babel/preset-env"],
  "plugins": ["@babel/plugin-transform-runtime"]
}

Running the app

Now you can run yarn followed by yarn watch and a browser window opens with the app inside. You should see a page like this:

Note the time taken to predict what’s in the picture. Now lets add the WebAssebly backend and run the app to see how it performs.

With WASM backend

In order to add the WebAssembly backend you need to install the @tensorflow/tfjs-backend-wasm package:

{
  ...,
  "dependencies": {
    "@tensorflow/tfjs": "^1.4.0",
    "@tensorflow/tfjs-backend-wasm": "1.4.0-alpha3"
  },
  ...
}

Next step is to let Parcel know how to load the WASM file. When the WASM backend is initialized, there will be a fetch / readFile for a file named tfjs-backend-wasm.wasm relative to the main JS file. That’s why we need to use this section if we’re using a bundler.

{
  ...,
  "staticFiles": {
    "staticPath": "./node_modules/@tensorflow/tfjs-backend-wasm/dist",
    "excludeGlob": [
      "**/!(*.wasm)"
    ]
  },
  ...
}

And the last thing we need to do is to tell Tensorflow.js to use this backend:

import "@tensorflow/tfjs-backend-wasm";

async function main() {  
  await tf.setBackend("wasm");
  //...
}

And that’s all you need in order to enable the WebAssembly backend. Now let’s run the app and see the difference:

yarn && yarn watch

You should see the app compiled and a browser window open:

And boom 🤯, look at the difference there. Almost down by 2 seconds, and that’s just doing a single operation. Imagine if we were doing more operations and the benefits we gain from this approach.

Summary

You can find the full demo on my GitHub repo.

This feature is defo one of the best thing that’s happened since introducing Tensorflow.js to allow web developers get into ML and AI within the browser in my opinion. So go ahead use this feature and benefit from the massive performance improvements.

However, there is a catch 👇🏼:

What’s the catch

The catch is that not all functions are implemented in the WASM backend. It means you can’t run many of the demo’s on it unless the team implement them. You can follow the progress on their GitHub repo to stay on top of the game.

Transfer learning with Tensorflow.js

Mon, 16 Dec 2019 00:00:00 GMT

Tensorflow.js is a library which lets you perform machine learning in the browser or in Node. A while ago I wrote an intro on it and also gave a few talks including one which had a live demo where I re-trained the Speech Command model and flew a drone using my voice 😍. Many people asked about the details, so I decided to blog the whole thing down.

Intro

Speech Command is a machine learning model which allow you to classify 1-second audio snippets from the speech command dataset which has about 18 basic words (i.e. up, left, right, down, yes, no, etc) in it at the moment.

In this article we want to expand the dataset using three words which we will use to fly a drone with. To do this we will be using a method called transfer learning, where we will use the pre-trained model and retrain it to learn new words.

Requirements

You will need some basic knowledge around web development and JavaScript, and nothing else.

Get started

We will be using Glitch to quickly implement the app. So go ahead andremix this starter template.

First thing first we should add the tensorflowjs and speech-command script to our page:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
  <head>
    <title>Transfer learning with Tensorflow.js and Speech Command</title>
    <script src="https://unpkg.com/@tensorflow/tfjs"></script>
    <script src="https://unpkg.com/@tensorflow-models/speech-commands"></script>
  </head>
  <body>
    <h1>Tensorflow.js</h1>
    <div id="info"></div>
    
    <!-- include the Glitch button to show what the webpage is about and
          to make it easier for folks to view source and remix -->
    <div class="glitchButton" style="position:fixed;top:20px;right:20px;"></div>
    <script src="https://button.glitch.me/button.js"></script>
    
    <!-- import the webpage's javascript file -->
    <script src="/script.js" defer></script>
  </body>
</html>

You can leave the default Glitch button for now or delete it if you want. That just gives you ability to share it with others after it’s finished so they can remix and use it.

We will use the <div id="info"> tag to show output of model and training on the screen.

Load the model

Now we need to load the model which is very simple. All you need to do is to call the create method on the speech commands’ object. The BROWSER_FFT argument passed to it is just telling speech command to use the browser’s native Fourier transform. For more information regarding Speech Command’s APIs have a look at their ReadMe.

let recogniser;

async function app() {
 recogniser = speechCommands.create('BROWSER_FFT');
 await recogniser.ensureModelLoaded();
}

app();

💡 Note: If you’re using your local editor and npm to pull down the packages, you need to import the speechCommand:

import * as speechCommands from '@tensorflow-models/speech-commands';

Collecting data

It’s time to collect our sample audio to be able to feed it into our model. Our intention is to add three words (take off, land, and flip) to Speech Command dataset. For this we use three buttons to represent our words (labels in the world of machine learning) and another to capture background noise. The background noise bit is really important because it can make or break the whole setup (my first demo failed just because of this).

<button id="takeoff" onmousedown="collectSample(0)" onmouseup="collectSample(null)">Take Off</button>
<button id="Land" onmousedown="collectSample(1)" onmouseup="collectSample(null)">Land</button>
<button id="flip" onmousedown="collectSample(2)" onmouseup="collectSample(null)">Flip</button>
<button id="noise" onmousedown="collectSample(3)" onmouseup="collectSample(null)">Noise</button>

And we will need to implement the collectSample method:

const NUM_FRAMES = 6;
let samples = [];

function collectSample(label) {
 if (recogniser.isListening()) {
   return recogniser.stopListening();
 }
 if (label == null) {
   return;
 }
 recogniser.listen(async ({spectrogram: {frameSize, data}}) => {
   let vals = normalise(data.subarray(-frameSize * NUM_FRAMES));
   samples.push({vals, label});
   document.querySelector('#info').textContent =
       `${samples.length} sample collected`;
 }, {
   overlapFactor: 0.999,
   includeSpectrogram: true,
   invokeCallbackOnNoiseAndUnknown: true
 });
}

function normalise(x) {
 const mean = -100;
 const std = 10;
 return x.map(x => (x - mean) / std);
}

Let’s go through what’s happening here. The collectSample method associates a label with the output of recogniser.listen(). The includeSpectrogram flag makes sure that recogniser gives the raw data frequency of 1 sec of audio which then is divided into 43 frames.

Because we’re aiming for short sound tracks, we will take into accounts only the last 6 frames (~140ms), enough to give us time to pronounce the words:

let vals = normalize(data.subarray(-frameSize * NUM_FRAMES));

And last, to avoid any numerical issues, we normalise the data to have an average of 0 and a standard deviation of 1. In our case the spectrogram values are usually large negative numbers around -100 with deviation of 10.

All this info is saved to the samples variable.

Feel free to test your sample collection to see if everything works fine so far.

Train the model

Now we need to build a model with the correct architecture (like Speech Command) and feed our sample data to it for training. We will use another button to trigger the training:

<br/><br/>
<button id="train" onclick="train()">Train</button>

const INPUT_SHAPE = [NUM_FRAMES, 232, 1];
let model;

async function train() {
 toggleButtons(false);
 const ys = tf.oneHot(samples.map(e => e.label), 3);
 const xsShape = [samples.length, ...INPUT_SHAPE];
 const xs = tf.tensor(flatten(samples.map(e => e.vals)), xsShape);

 await model.fit(xs, ys, {
   batchSize: 16,
   epochs: 10,
   callbacks: {
     onEpochEnd: (epoch, logs) => {
       document.querySelector('#info').textContent =
           `Accuracy: ${(logs.acc * 100).toFixed(1)}% Epoch: ${epoch + 1}`;
     }
   }
 });
 tf.dispose([xs, ys]);
 toggleButtons(true);
}

function buildModel() {
 model = tf.sequential();
 model.add(tf.layers.depthwiseConv2d({
   depthMultiplier: 8,
   kernelSize: [NUM_FRAMES, 3],
   activation: 'relu',
   inputShape: INPUT_SHAPE
 }));
 model.add(tf.layers.maxPooling2d({poolSize: [1, 2], strides: [2, 2]}));
 model.add(tf.layers.flatten());
 model.add(tf.layers.dense({units: 3, activation: 'softmax'}));
 const optimizer = tf.train.adam(0.01);
 model.compile({
   optimizer,
   loss: 'categoricalCrossentropy',
   metrics: ['accuracy']
 });
}

function toggleButtons(enable) {
 document.querySelectorAll('button').forEach(b => b.disabled = !enable);
}

function flatten(tensors) {
 const size = tensors[0].length;
 const result = new Float32Array(tensors.length * size);
 tensors.forEach((arr, i) => result.set(arr, i * size));
 return result;
}

And we add a call to build model in our entry function when the app loads:

async function app() {
  recogniser = speechCommands.create("BROWSER_FFT");
  await recogniser.ensureModelLoaded();

  document.getElementById("info").textContent = "Model loaded";

  buildModel();
}

At this point, you can see a train button on the page and if you click it after you’ve collected some sample data, you can see the training happen and the accuracy of the model shown after it’s finished.

So let’s break this down because it does look a bit busy. First thing first we need to build a model with the right architecture. This model will have four layers, a convolutional layer that processes the audio data, a max pool layer, a flatten layer, and a dense layer that maps to all three actions.

The input shape of the model is [NUM_FRAMES, 232, 1] where each frame is 23ms of audio containing 232 numbers that correspond to different frequencies. In this demo we’re using samples that are 6 frames long (~140ms) because we’re using short words to control the drone.

For the training part, we’re using 1- epochs (imagine the number of iterations which model uses to go through running it’s operations end to end).

Capturing the words

It’s time to capture a word, feed it into the model and see how accurate it is. Let’s add another button to trigger listening:

<br/><br/>
<button id="listen" onclick="listen()">Listen</button>

Then we need to listen to the microphone through browser and feed that into the model to see what is the output.

async function controlDrone(labelTensor) {
  const label = (await labelTensor.data())[0];
  if (label == 3) {
    return;
  }
  let recognisedWord = "none";
  switch (label) {
    case 0:
      recognisedWord = "take off";
      break;
    case 1:
      recognisedWord = "land";
      break;
    case 2:
      recognisedWord = "flip";
      break;    
  }
  document.getElementById("info").textContent = recognisedWord;
}

function listen() {
  if (recogniser.isListening()) {
    recogniser.stopListening();
    toggleButtons(true);
    document.getElementById("listen").textContent = "Listen";
    return;
  }
  toggleButtons(false);
  document.getElementById("listen").textContent = "Stop";
  document.getElementById("listen").disabled = false;

  recogniser.listen(
    async ({ spectrogram: { frameSize, data } }) => {
      const vals = normalise(data.subarray(-frameSize * NUM_FRAMES));
      const input = tf.tensor(vals, [1, ...INPUT_SHAPE]);
      const probs = model.predict(input);
      const predLabel = probs.argMax(1);
      await controlDrone(predLabel);
      tf.dispose([input, probs, predLabel]);
    },
    {
      overlapFactor: 0.999,
      includeSpectrogram: true,
      invokeCallbackOnNoiseAndUnknown: true
    }
  );
}

Again, let’s break this down a bit. The listen method will listens to the microphone real time and feeds that into the model for predictions. The logic is very similar to collectSample method where we normalise the data and drop all frames except the NUM_FRAMES (6) frames. The difference is that we call model.predict method to see what is been spoken.

The output of the prediction is a tensor with the shape of [1, numClasses] representing a probability distribution over all our classes (labels). We will use the first one returned to as it will be the strongest match using probs.argMax(1).

Now we can call the .data() and get it’s first argument to get our label from it:

const label = (await labelTensor.data())[0];

I’ve used a switch case for simplicity, but feel free to chuck them all in a set and use it’s index.

Note: It’s very important to dispose the output tensors to clean up the memory through a call to tf.dispose([input, probs, predLabel]);.

Test the whole demo

It’s time to give our full demo a shot. Record the samples and the background noise, then train the model and then verify it using the listen button.

💡 For my demo, I had to use a recording of the drone’s flying in order to be able to run it successfully. That’s because the first command always works because there is no background noise, but once the drone is up, the noise of the drone will mask the consequent words 😁. So when recording noise, use a drone’s actual noise which you can find on YouTube.

See the full working demo on Glitch.

I will do another post on how to wire this up with the server side code to fly the drone 🚁 (think of a drone when you look at the helicopter emoji 😁).

Network Information API, another step towards a better web 😍

Mon, 18 Nov 2019 00:00:00 GMT

This year has been full of articles around how the web is bloated with static assets and how this has impacted users to face a poor user experience when using not so good networks around the world. There are resources like web.dev who are actively publishing content on how to make a better future for the web.

Background

I’ve also published a few 😁 on how to improve web performance which you should totally check them out 👇🏼:

And other tips and tricks like how to use the OffscreenCanvas to render your graphics off the main thread.

This article is around the same topic, but we’re gonna see how to inspect and react to connection aspects of a visiting user to deliver a better experience to them.

There are some implementations of this in the wild such as BBC News showing a warning to users about being charged by operators if they’re on a cellular network:

Or GMail showing a ‘load basic HTML (for slow connections)’ message:

Network Information API

So far we have tried to improve the user experience by following one of the aforementioned techniques for everybody regardless of what network they are using. But what if we had a mean to inspect and detect their network connection properties and speed change while they’re browsing our applications.

That’s when the Network Information API comes into play. This API provides information about the connection such as type (i.e. WiFi or Cellular, you could see the full list 👇🏼):

enum ConnectionType {
  "bluetooth",
  "cellular",
  "ethernet",
  "mixed",
  "none",
  "other",
  "unknown",
  "wifi",
  "wimax"
};

Here is how to access this information:

let connection = navigator.connection || navigator.mozConnection || navigator.webkitConnection;

Here is how the object you’ll get looks like:

NetworkInformation object

So let’s see what are these properties one by one:

`effectiveType`

This property is showing the effective connection type. This is a bit different to the connection type we mentioned earlier. It changes based on a combination of recently observed ttl and downlink.

The possible values for effectiveType is an enum with these values:

enum EffectiveConnectionType {
  "2g",
  "3g",
  "4g",
  "slow-2g"
};

In reality if this property has slow-2g it means you should avoid sending images, videos, etc. It’s suitable for sending text only content. If the value is 2g it indicates that you could potentially send small low res images to user.

3g means you can send larger assets such as high res images, SD videos, and audio. At last 4g means the network is suited for HD video, streaming and other data heavy resources.

`downlink`

This shows the download speed of the connection. The unit uses is megabits per second.

`onchange`

This property allows you to set an event handler for the change event on NetworkInformation object.

`rtt`

This attribute represents the round trip time estimate in milliseconds nearest to 25 milliseconds and is based on application layer RTT measurements.

`saveData`

This property when getting returns true if the user has requested to reduce data usage mode from the user agent. Otherwise it returns false.

If you are wondering what happened to type property, it is not currently supported by the browsers and no one knows if that will be because the spec is in a draft mode and might get changed. You can find more information on the browser support page at the end of this article.

Use cases

Prevent from preloading videos

Now that we know what to expect from this API, lets see what we can do with it. Imagine we’re preloading videos in our page. We can hook up to the change event and stop preloading if the user is on a slower network:

let preloadVideo = true;
const slowConnections = ['2g', '2g-slow'];
var connection = navigator.connection || navigator.mozConnection || navigator.webkitConnection;
let type = connection.effectiveType;

function updateVideoPreloadingStrategy() {
  console.log("Connection type changed from " + type + " to " + connection.effectiveType);
  type = connection.effectiveType;

  if (slowConnections.containes(type)) {
    preloadVideo = false;
  }
}

connection.addEventListener('change', updateVideoPreloadingStrategy);

Load low res images

You could potentially set a class to your elements and based on that load a different image:

function updateImageLoadingStrategy() {
  console.log("Connection type changed from " + type + " to " + connection.effectiveType);
  type = connection.effectiveType;

  const myEl = document.querySelector('#id');

  if (slowConnections.containes(type)) {
    myEl.classList.add("low-res");
  } else {
    myEl.classList.remove("low-res");
  }
}

And:

#id {
  background: url(high-res.jpg) 0 0 no-repeat;
}

#id.low-res {
  background: url(low-res.jpg) 0 0 no-repeat;
}

Summary

We saw how useful can Network Information API be in most of our use cases where we want to address performance issue or even deliver a better user experience. Some other applicable use cases are:

Not load high res images
Prevent loading web fonts
HTTP calls are changed to fetch less data using summary instead of full page load
Timeout values for HTTP calls are increased
Showing warning and other informative messages to users to let them know they might get charged

💡 This API is in a draft state and might change in the future. But it doesn’t hurt to be proactive and update the implementation later rather than waiting for the full spec.

You can find more about this on the specification.

Browser support

So Network Information API is good and everything, but how about the browser support. Currently it is supported in Chrome and MS Edge only.

You can see the full list here.

Now go have fun with this API and save your users some money 😁.

State management in Vue.js

Mon, 18 Nov 2019 00:00:00 GMT

Vue.js is an approachable, versatile, performant, and progressive framework to build user interfaces with. I’ve written three separate articles on it so far:

We will be looking at state management in Vue.js this time which is the centre of communication in large applications.

Why do we need state management

When dealing with large applications, we definitely have to pass information between components. Shopping card needs to know whether the user is logged in or not, the search needs to get updated based on changes to filter data, and many more scenarios.

The usual ways of passing data such as props only gets us just that far. Things get complex when we want to pass the data in multiple layers of component hierarchy. Or even when we want to pass data into components outside of those hierarchies.

At the end of the day, it’s important to have a single source of truth and that’s what Vue is offering to solve using vuex. But consider using a state management library if:

Multiple views may depend on the same piece of state.
Actions from different views may need to mutate the same piece of state.

Vuex

vuex is an Elm-inspired state management library. It integrates really well into vue-devtools, providing zero-setup access to time travel debugging.

Vuex is based on Flux (a state management design pattern introduced by Facebook). The TLDR version looks like:

Installation

If you haven’t used Vue CLI to create your project, there are three steps you need to take:

Install the library:

npm install vuex --save

Import and wire it up:

import Vue from 'vue'
import Vuex from 'vuex'

Vue.use(Vuex)

And last, because Vuex requires Promise you should include a package like es6-promise and import it before using Vuex:

npm install es6-promise --save

And:

import 'es6-promise/auto'

💡 This library will automatically use a polyfill if the browser doesn’t support ES6’s Promise.

Getting started

In its simplest form, you can use a centralised store as such:

const store = new Vuex.Store({
  state: {
    count: 0
  },
  mutations: {
    increment (state) {
      state.count++;
    }
  }
})

Now, you can access the state object as store.state, and trigger a state change with the store.commit function:

console.log(store.state.count) // -> 0

store.commit('increment')

console.log(store.state.count) // -> 1

Vuex state

This library uses a single state tree which ensures that the source of truth is always the state. However, this doesn’t have any conflicts with the modularity. We will have a look at the sub-modules later.

Vuex’s state consist of four objects, state, mutations, actions, and getters. So lets see what each of these are. But first, let’s see how we can use the store in our components. We use our previous students example from here on.

Including store in your components

Vuex provides a mechanism to inject the store into all child components from the root component with the store option which happens when you use Vue.use(Vuex):

import Vue from 'vue'
import Vuex from 'vuex'

Vue.use(Vuex)

const store = new Vuex.Store({
  state: {
    students: [
      {
        name: 'Yas',
        age: 25
      }
    ]
  }
})

const app = new Vue({
  el: '#app',  
  store
})

This will allow you to access state using this.$store in any child component.

const Students = {
  template: `
    <ul>
      <li v-for="student in students">{{ student.name }}</li>
    </ul>`,
  computed: {
    students () {
      return this.$store.state.students
    }
  }
}

Note how I accessed the student in a computed property. This will ensure that we rerender the page whenever store changes.

How to use multiple properties from state

If you have to use multiple properties from store, Vuex offers the mapState helper method. Using this method you have the ability to map multiple properties from state to your computed properties:

import { mapState } from 'vuex';

export default {
  name: "Students",
  computed: mapState({
    students: state => state.students,
    teachers: state => state.teachers
  })
};

As you can see, you can use an arrow function to retrieve the state and access it’s properties. You can also define aliases to keep your code cleaner and avoid repeating state.property everywhere you want to use it.

If the local and store property names matches, you can skip the arrow function and just pass an array of property names you want to have:

import { mapState } from 'vuex';

export default {
  name: "Students",
  computed: mapState([
    'students',
    'teachers'
  ])
};

If you have some local computed properties, you could use the spear operator to mix them with mapState:

import { mapState } from 'vuex'

export default {
  // ...
  computed: {
    myLocalProp() {
      return {
        name: 'Yas'
      }
    },

    ...mapState({    
      numOfStudents: state => state.students.length,
      students: state => state.students
    })
  }
}

Getters

Sometimes you need to have derived properties based on store’s state. For example if you want to know how many students are older than 25. You can implement this in your component like so:

<template>
  <div>Total number of students aged 25 or older is {{numOfStudents}}</div>
</template>
<script>
import { mapState } from 'vuex'

export default {
  // ...
  computed: mapState({    
    numOfStudents: state => state.students
      .filter(s => s.age > 24).length;
  })
}
</script>

But this means that if another component wants to have this logic, they need to duplicate the code. A better approach to these sorts of derived state is to use getters.

const store = new Vuex.Store({
  state: {
    students: [
      { id: 1, name: 'Yas', age: 26 }
    ]
  },
  getters: {
    numOf25OrOlderStudents: state => {
      return state.students
        .filter(s => s.age > 24).length;
    }
  }
})

These sort of properties appear under store.getters:

computed: {
  numOf25OrOlderStudents () {
    return this.$store.getters.numOf25OrOlderStudents
  }
}

Similar to mapState, you have mapGetter so you can get these properties easier:

computed: {
  
  ...mapGetters([
    'numOf25OrOlderStudents',
  ])
}

Mutations

A mutation is the only way you can change the state in Vuex. These mutations are basically events which have two properties:

A string type
A handler

You’ll perform the modifications inside the handler and it will receive the state as it’s first argument:

const store = new Vuex.Store({
  state: {
    students: [
      { id: 1, name: 'Yas', age: 26 }
    ]
  },
  mutations: {
    addStudent (state, student) {
      // mutate state
      state.students.push(student)
    }
  }
})

💡 You can’t call a mutation handler directly, instead, you will need to call store.commit method.

const student = { id: 2, name: 'Alex', age: 23 }

store.commit('addStudent', student)

Like React Redux’s actions, it’s best to use constants for these mutation types:

// mutation-types.js
export const ADD_STUDENT_MUTATION = 'ADD_STUDENT'

// store.js
import Vuex from 'vuex'
import { ADD_STUDENT_MUTATION } from './mutation-types'

const store = new Vuex.Store({
  state: { ... },
  mutations: {
    [ADD_STUDENT_MUTATION] (state, student) {
      state.students.push(student)
    }
  }
})

The mutations should be synchronous. This is an important rule which you should adhere to so that Vuex can capture before and after mutation states. We will see how to have async state mutations using actions.

Actions

Actions are very similar to mutations, but there are two differences between the two. The first one is that instead of mutating the state themselves, they will commit mutations. And the second one is that actions can have asynchronous operations.

const store = new Vuex.Store({
  state: {
    students: [
      { id: 1, name: 'Yas', age: 26 }
    ]
  },
  mutations: {
    addStudent (state, student) {
      // mutate state
      state.students.push(student)
    }
  },
  actions: {
    addStudent (context, id) {
      const student = await apiService.get(id)

      context.commit('addStudent', student)
    }
  }
})

The first thing to note here is that actions won’t receive the store object, they will get a context object which exposes the same properties. We will see why when we review the modules. And the second one is that there is an asynchronous operation happening here.

You can use ES6 Object Destructuring to get only commit passed down to the action. This is useful if you have multiple commits in your actions because it will keep the code way less.

actions: {
    async addStudent ({ commit }, id) {
      const student = await apiService.get(id)

      commit('addStudent', student)
    }
  }

You can trigger an actions using store.dispatch method.

store.dispatch('addStudents', 2)

Again, similar to mapState you have mapActions to be able to dispatch an action in your components instead of using this.$store.dispatch method which is way much cleaner. The difference is, you will call this in your method objects:

import { mapActions } from 'vuex'

export default {
  // ...
  methods: {
    ...mapActions([
      'addStudent', // map `this.addStudent()` to `this.$store.dispatch('addStudent')`

      // `mapActions` also supports payloads:
      'addStudent' // map `this.addStudent(id)` to `this.$store.dispatch('addStudent', id)`
    ]),
    ...mapActions({
      add: 'addStudent' // map `this.add()` to `this.$store.dispatch('addStudent')`
    })
  }
}

Modules

As we’ve seen so far, the state can easily get super big as the project grows. This can lead to multiple issues, but we can use modules to break this single state into multiple modules which have their own state, getters, mutations, actions, and guess what, sub modules 😍.

const studentStore = {
  state: { ... },
  mutations: { ... },
  actions: { ... },
  getters: { ... }
}

const teachersStore = {
  state: { ... },
  mutations: { ... },
  actions: { ... }
}

const store = new Vuex.Store({
  modules: {
    a: studentStore,
    b: teachersStore
  }
})

store.state.studentStore // -> `studentStore`'s state
store.state.teachersStore // -> `teachersStore`'s state

Inside the state and getters, the module’s state is passed down.

const studentStore = {
  state: { students: [] },
  mutations: {
    addStudent (state, student) {
      // `state` is the local module state
      state.students.push(student)
    }
  },

  getters: {
    count (state) {
      return state.students.length
    }
  }
}

However, inside the actions, you can access the global store from context via context.rootStore:

const moduleA = {
  // ...
  actions: {
    async addStudentIfRegistrationOpen ({ commit, rootState }, id) {
      if (rootState.registrationOpen) {
        const student = await apiService.get(id)

        commit('addStudent', student)
      }
    }
  }
}

💡 By default the getters, mutations, and actions are registered on the global namespace. This will allow multiple modules to react to same mutation or action if they want to. You can use the namespaced: true flag on the module to make it self contained.

You can find out more about the modules in the official documentation.

Summary

Alrighty, you now know enough about state management in Vue using Vuex to start using it. But beware that there are many other little tips and tricks where I thought would fall outside of a single article which you should look into. For now enjoy playing with this amazing library and get your hands wet.

PS: if you want a head start, use this GitHub repository and create a code sandbox out of it. It contains basic setup and modules as well.

Handling forms with Vue.js 🧾

Sun, 10 Nov 2019 00:00:00 GMT

Vue.js is an approachable, versatile, performant, and progressive framework to build user interfaces with. I’ve written two separate articles on it so far:

This time we will have a look at handling form with Vue.js, something which is almost inevitable in enterprise applications.

Background

When it comes to working with forms, it’s always good to know the in and out of how to handle them in your choice of framework. Of course there are some common knowledge around forms, but dealing with one can be tough at times especially if you care about the user experience.

Scenario

Assume we have a sign up form for new users on our product. We want to build this sign up form, from scratch, and step by step together.

Start

Let’s start a new application and create a component first:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
  <title>Handling Forms with Vue.js</title>
  <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://stackpath.bootstrapcdn.com/bootstrap/4.3.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" integrity="sha384-ggOyR0iXCbMQv3Xipma34MD+dH/1fQ784/j6cY/iJTQUOhcWr7x9JvoRxT2MZw1T" crossorigin="anonymous">

</head>

<body>
  <div class="container" id="app">
    <div class="">
      <section class="mt-md">
        <h1 class="title">Form handling with Vue.js</h1>
        <p class="text-muted">
          Learn how to work with forms, including <strong>validation</strong>!
        </p>
        <hr>      
        
        <section class="form">
          <!--Our form will be here-->
        </section>
      </section>
    </div>
  </div>
  
<script src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/vue/dist/vue.js"></script>


<script>
  new Vue({
    el: '#app'
  })
</script>

</body>
</html>

Text inputs

As I mentioned in my intro, you can bind form input values to Vue’s data object using v-model. So let’s add a few text inputs for name and last name.

<form>
  <div class="form-group">
    <label for="firstName">First name</label>
    <input type="text" v-model="form.firstName" class="form-control" id="firstName" placeholder="Enter your name">
  </div>
  <div class="form-group">
    <label for="lastName">Last name</label>
    <input type="text" v-model="form.lastName" class="form-control" id="lastName" placeholder="Enter your last name">
  </div>
</form>

In the code snippet we just defined, we’re using two text inputs and binding them to first name and last name of the form property in the data object. The v-model creates a two way binding between our input and its corresponding property. To be sure that we’ve got everything right, you can use the code snippet below and see the values as you’re typing:

<div class="shadow">
  <div v-for="(item, k) in form">
    <strong>{{ deCamelCase(k) }}</strong> {{item}}
  </div>
</div>

And in your JavaScript code:

// the rest
<script>
  new Vue({
    el: '#app',
    data: {
      form: {
        firstName: '',
        lastName: ''
      }
    },
    methods: {
      deCamelCase: function(str) {
        const result = str.replace(/([A-Z]+)/g, " $1");
        return result.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + result.slice(1) + ':'
      }
    }
  })
</script>

If you start typing into any of those text boxes, you should see the result in the bottom div.

Setting default value

Vue will ignore the value, checked, or selected attributes of the inputs you use and uses the data object as source of truth. This means you can set default values for your form fields:

data: {
  form: {
    firstName: 'Yas',
    lastName: ''
  }
}

You can see the value of the input get set to Yas when the page renders.

Textarea

Adding a textarea is exactly like adding a normal text input:

<div class="form-group">
  <label for="notes">Additional information</label>
  <textarea v-model="form.additionalInfo" class="form-control" id="notes" rows="3"></textarea>
</div>

Don’t forget to add the additionalInfo to your data object.

Select element

Adding

<div class="form-group">
  <label for="ageGroup">Select your age group</label>
  <select v-model="form.ageGroup" class="form-control" id="ageGroup">
    <option value="1">18-22</option>
    <option value="2">22-25</option>
    <option value="3">25-27</option>
    <option value="4">27-30</option>
    <option value="5">30-33</option>
  </select>
</div>

And in your data object:

form: {
  firstName: 'Yas',
  lastName: '',
  additionalInfo: '',
  ageGroup: ''
}

If you want to add multiselect to your element, all you need to do is to add the attribute and change the type of the ageGroup property from string to array. If you want a default selection, simply set the value of the ageGroup in the data object and Vue will take of the rest.

If you want to populate the options dynamically, simply use a v-for directive:

<option v-for="option in options" v-bind:value="option.value">
  {{ option.text }}
</option>

Checkbox & Radio buttons

A single checkbox is very straightforward to use, the value of it will be a boolean:

<div class="card">
  <div class="card-body">
    <h5 class="card-title">Terms and Conditions</h5>
    <h6 class="card-subtitle mb-2 text-muted">Read and agree</h6>
    <p class="card-text">Doggo ipsum clouds what a nice floof long water shoob doggo extremely cuuuuuute,   heckin good boys long water shoob.</p>
    <div class="form-check">
      <input class="form-check-input" 
        type="checkbox" 
        v-model="form.agreeToTsCs" 
        value="" id="termsAndConditions">
      <label class="form-check-label" for="termsAndConditions">
        Agree with terms and conditions
      </label>
    </div>
  </div>
</div>

And don’t forget to add the property:

form: {
  firstName: 'Yas',
  lastName: '',
  additionalInfo: '',
  ageGroup: '',
  agreeToTsCs: false
}

For multiple checkboxes, they all use the same property, but the type would be array.

A single radio button by itself is normally useless, so you’d want to use a radio button group. The value of the property would be the value of the selected radio input:

<div class="form-check">
  <input class="form-check-input" 
    type="radio" 
    name="termSelection" 
    v-model="form.enrollingTerm"
    id="termSelection1" value="1">
  <label class="form-check-label" for="termSelection1">
    Term 1
  </label>
</div>
<div class="form-check">
  <input class="form-check-input" 
    type="radio" 
    name="termSelection" 
    v-model="form.enrollingTerm"
    id="termSelection2" 
    value="2">
  <label class="form-check-label" for="termSelection2">
    Term 2
  </label>
</div>
<div class="form-check">
  <input class="form-check-input" 
    type="radio" 
    name="termSelection" 
    v-model="form.enrollingTerm"
    id="termSelection3" 
    value="3">
  <label class="form-check-label" for="termSelection3">
    Term 3
  </label>
</div>

And add the property:

form: {
  firstName: 'Yas',
  lastName: '',
  additionalInfo: '',
  ageGroup: '1',
  agreeToTsCs: false,
  enrollingTerm: ''
}

Modifiers

There are a few modifiers which will be helpful for different scenarios and are provided out of the box. Let’s review them one by one:

.lazy

By default v-model will update the value of the input with your property on every input event. If you don’t want that to happen, you can add .lazy and it will happen after change event:

<div class="form-group">
  <label for="lazilyUpdated">This input will update after <code>change</code> event</label>
  <input type="text" class="form-control" v-model.lazy="form.lazilyUpdated" id="lazilyUpdated" placeholder="">
</div>

If you start typing on this text box, it will not get updated until you move away (blur happens).

.number

This one will cast the value to be always a number:

<div class="form-group">
  <label for="alwaysNumber">This property will always be number</code> event</label>
  <input type="number" class="form-control" v-model.number="form.alwaysNumber" id="alwaysNumber" placeholder="">
</div>

For the property you can use:

form: {
  firstName: 'Yas',
  lastName: '',
  additionalInfo: '',
  ageGroup: '1',
  agreeToTsCs: false,
  enrollingTerm: '',
  lazilyUpdated: '',
  alwaysNumber: null
}

And just to make sure it works, you can add this to your value area:

<div>{{ typeof(form.alwaysNumber) }}</div>

This is useful because input type=number will give you a string value and you have to use parseInt or parseFloat to get the correct type.

.trim

This one is very obvious, it scrapes the whitespace from typed text:

<div class="form-group">
  <label for="alwaysTrimmed">Trimmed text</code> event</label>
  <input type="text" class="form-control" v-model.number="form.alwaysTrimmed" id="alwaysTrimmed" placeholder="">
</div>

And:

form: {
  firstName: 'Yas',
  lastName: '',
  additionalInfo: '',
  ageGroup: '1',
  agreeToTsCs: false,
  enrollingTerm: '',
  lazilyUpdated: '',
  alwaysNumber: null,
  alwaysTrimmed: ''
}

Now copy paste this string into the input and watch what happens 👉🏼 test test.

Validation

You wouldn’t want to send data invalidated to your server, right? Form validation is a key to handling any form data entered by users. In its simplest form, you could implement all your validation rules in a method and check them as the user continues or even before submitting.

However, we all know how much boiler plate code you have to write for that. So the most logical option is to find out what are our options out there. The open source community is very active and for most of what you need, there is already a matured library for it. We will review the most popular choice here, vuelidate.

First you will need to install it:

npm install vuelidate --save

If you want to have validation enabled globally, you just need to import the library and use a plugin:

import Vue from 'vue'
import Vuelidate from 'vuelidate'

Vue.use(Vuelidate)

If you just want this on a single component, you could import a mixin directly:

import { validationMixin } from 'vuelidate'

var Component = Vue.extend({
  mixins: [validationMixin],
  validations: { ... }
})

Basic usage

Let’s add some validation to our form. Say we want to make the first and last name mandatory, and set a minimum length for last name.

import { required, minLength } from 'vuelidate/lib/validators'

new Vue({
  el: '#app',
  data: {
    form: {
      firstName: 'Yas',
      lastName: '',
      additionalInfo: '',
      ageGroup: '1',
      agreeToTsCs: false,
      enrollingTerm: '',
      lazilyUpdated: '',
      alwaysNumber: null,
      alwaysTrimmed: ''
    }
  },
  validations: {
    form: {
      firstName: {
        required
      },
      lastName: {
        required,
        minLength: minLength(4)
      }
    }
  },
  methods: {
    deCamelCase: function(str) {
      const result = str.replace(/([A-Z]+)/g, " $1");
      return result.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + result.slice(1) + ':'
    }
  }
})

Now in our template we need to add the validation error message:

<div class="form-group">
  <label for="firstName">First name</label>
  <input
        type="text"
        v-model="form.firstName"
        class="form-control"
        id="firstName"
        placeholder="Enter your name"
      />
  <div v-if="!$v.form.firstName.required" class="text-danger">
    First name is required</div>
</div>
<div class="form-group">
  <label for="lastName">Last name</label>
  <input
        type="text"
        v-model="form.lastName"
        class="form-control"
        id="lastName"
        placeholder="Enter your last name"
      />  
  <div v-if="!$v.form.lastName.required" class="text-danger">
    Last name is required</div>
  <div v-if="!$v.form.lastName.minLength" class="text-danger">
    Last name should be minimum 4 character</div>
</div>

Now you will have error messages shown when any of those rules are not met. Note that for first name I’ve used $error, which gives us ability to hide the error until the form is submitted or the status of the form property becomes dirty. For last name, I’ve used individual error fields, but that means that the error is visible on page load. A simple fix would be:

<div v-if="$v.form.lastName.$error">
  <div v-if="!$v.form.lastName.required"
    :class="{ 'text-danger': !$v.form.lastName.required }">
    Last name is required</div>
  <div v-if="!$v.form.lastName.minLength"
    :class="{ 'text-danger': !$v.form.lastName.minLength }">
    Last name should be minimum 4 character</div>
</div>

All the code together in action

You can find the complete code on StackBlitz and play with it to explore more scenarios.

Summary

We saw how form handling is very straight forward in Vue, and learnt a few tricks like lazy, and trim on v-model directive. We saw how error handling would be simple using a validation library instead of doing it from scratch and reinvent the wheel. And last but not least, we saw how to use vuelidate library to handle our form’s errors.

Hope this has been helpful for you and stay tuned for the next article about state management in Vue.js.

Infrastructure as code, Azure app service using a wildcard certificate from KeyVault

Thu, 31 Oct 2019 00:00:00 GMT

This post is one of those posts which is related to my consulting side. I was involved in a project where infrastructure as code was the approach from get go and since we had everything on Azure, we chose a mix of ARM templates and PowerShell. I hit a few issues along the way which I think it’s very valuable to be aware of for many people and especially myself in future on a similar project 😊.

Background

I don’t want to go through the whole architecture, suffice to know we have a few App Services and Azure Functions which need SSL binding and custom host name only in production. Since we’re managing the DNS records with Cloudflare, we got a wildcard cert for our domain and we imported the PFX file into a Key Vault in a separate resource group to be used in our release.

First try

So the ARM template we had looked like this initially:

{
  "parameters": {
    //...
  },
  "variables": {
    //...
  },
  "resources": [
    {
      "type": "microsoft.insights/components",
      "apiVersion": "2015-05-01",
      "name": "[variables('appInsightsName')]",
      "location": "[variables('appInsightsLocation')]",
      "tags": {
        "displayName": "app-insights",
        "project": "[variables('projectName')]",
        "environment": "[parameters('environment')]"
      },
      "kind": "web",
      "properties": {
        "Application_Type": "web",
        "Request_Source": "IbizaWebAppExtensionCreate"
      }
    },
    {
      "apiVersion": "2016-09-01",
      "type": "Microsoft.Web/serverfarms",
      "kind": "app",
      "name": "[variables('appServicePlanName')]",
      "tags": {
        "displayName": "app-service-plan",
        "project": "[variables('projectName')]",
        "environment": "[parameters('environment')]"
      },
      "location": "[parameters('deploymentLocation')]",
      "properties": {
        "name": "[variables('appServicePlanName')]",
        "perSiteScaling": false,
        "reserved": false,
        "targetWorkerCount": 0,
        "targetWorkerSizeId": 0
      },
      "dependsOn": [],
      "sku": {
        "name": "[parameters('appServicePlanSku')]",
        "tier": "[parameters('appServicePlanTier')]",
        "size": "[parameters('appServicePlanSize')]",
        "family": "[parameters('appServicePlanFamily')]",
        "capacity": "[parameters('appServicePlanCapacity')]"
      }
    },
    {
      "apiVersion": "2016-08-01",
      "type": "Microsoft.Web/sites",
      "kind": "app",
      "name": "[variables('appServiceName')]",
      "tags": {
        "displayName": "app-service",
        "project": "[variables('projectName')]",
        "environment": "[parameters('environment')]"
      },
      "location": "[parameters('deploymentLocation')]",
      "properties": {
        "name": "[variables('appServiceName')]",
        "serverFarmId": "[resourceId('Microsoft.Web/serverfarms', variables('appServicePlanName'))]",
        "siteConfig": {
          "appSettings": [
            {
              "name": "WEBSITE_RUN_FROM_PACKAGE",
              "value": "1"
            }
          ]
        },
        "httpsOnly": "[parameters('appServiceHttpsOnly')]"
      },
      "dependsOn": [
        "[resourceId('Microsoft.Web/serverfarms', variables('appServicePlanName'))]",
        "[resourceId('microsoft.insights/components', variables('appInsightsName'))]"
      ],
      "resources": [
        {
          "apiVersion": "2015-08-01",
          "name": "Microsoft.ApplicationInsights.AzureWebSites",
          "type": "siteextensions",
          "dependsOn": [
            "[resourceId('Microsoft.Web/Sites', variables('appServiceName'))]"
          ],
          "properties": {}
        },
        {
          "name": "appsettings",
          "type": "config",
          "apiVersion": "2015-08-01",
          "dependsOn": [
            "[resourceId('Microsoft.Web/sites', variables('appServiceName'))]",
            "Microsoft.ApplicationInsights.AzureWebSites"
          ],
          "properties": {
            "APPINSIGHTS_INSTRUMENTATIONKEY": "[reference(variables('appInsightsName'), '2015-05-01').InstrumentationKey]"
          }
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "type": "Microsoft.Web/sites/config",
      "apiVersion": "2016-08-01",
      "name": "[concat(variables('appServiceName'), '/web')]",
      "location": "[parameters('deploymentLocation')]",
      "dependsOn": [
        "[resourceId('Microsoft.Web/sites', variables('appServiceName'))]"
      ],
      "tags": {
        "displayName": "app-service",
        "project": "[variables('projectName')]",
        "environment": "[parameters('environment')]"
      },
      "properties": {
        "alwaysOn": "[parameters('appServiceAlwaysOn')]"
      }
    },
    {
      "type": "Microsoft.Web/certificates",
      "name": "[variables('certificateName')]",
      "apiVersion": "2016-03-01",
      "location": "[resourceGroup().location]",
      "condition": "[equals(parameters('environment'), 'prod')]",
      "properties": {
        "keyVaultId": "[parameters('prodKeyVaultId')]",
        "keyVaultSecretName": "[parameters('prodKeyVaultSecretName')]",
        "serverFarmId": "[resourceId('Microsoft.Web/serverFarms', variables('appServicePlanName'))]"
      },
      "dependsOn": ["[concat('Microsoft.Web/sites/', variables('appServiceName')]"]
    },
    {
      "type": "Microsoft.Web/sites/hostnameBindings",
      "name": "[concat(variables('appServiceName'), '/', parameters('customHostname'))]",
      "apiVersion": "2016-03-01",
      "location": "[resourceGroup().location]",
      "condition": "[equals(parameters('environment'), 'prod')]",
      "properties": {
        "sslState": "SniEnabled",
        "thumbprint": "[reference(resourceId('Microsoft.Web/certificates', variables('certificateName'))).Thumbprint]"
      },
      "dependsOn": [
        "[concat('Microsoft.Web/certificates/', variables('certificateName'))]"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "outputs: {
    //...
  }

}

There are a few important things here you need to pay attention to. First, we have the Microsoft/certificate conditionally deployed, same as sites/hostnameBindings if we’re deploying to production. Second, note how we have a reference to the certificate in Key Vault in the certificate properties. And last, we have a reference to the certificate in the hostNameBinding in the same template.

First try

When we first tried this, we hit a permission error on the Key Vault the template was referencing. I had made sure that the Azure DevOps service principal is added into the access policy of the Key Vault and also the tick the Azure Resource Manager for template deployment checkbox to allow referencing the secret from within ARM template.

Error Failed to add App Service certificate to the app, Check error for more details. Error Details: The service does not have access to ‘/subscriptions/XXXebXXX-XXX-XXXX-XXX-XXXXX/resourcegroups/XXXXX/providers/microsoft.keyvault/vaults/xxxxxxxxvault’ Key Vault. Please make sure that you have granted necessary permissions to the service to perform the request operation.

This was really strange to me and I had no clue as to what’s missing. However, after a bit of Googling, I found out there are two service principals which belong to Microsoft and you have to add those to your Key Vault’s access policy in order to be able to link a certificate to your App Services.

Here is the kick starter template repository on GitHub which explains what needs to be done. But in short, you need to run these commands:

Login-AzureRmAccount

Set-AzureRmContext -SubscriptionId AZURE_SUBSCRIPTION_ID

Set-AzureRmKeyVaultAccessPolicy -VaultName KEY_VAULT_NAME -ServicePrincipalName f3c21649-0979-4721-ac85-b0216b2cf413 -PermissionsToSecrets get,set,delete

Set-AzureRmKeyVaultAccessPolicy -VaultName KEY_VAULT_NAME -ServicePrincipalName abfa0a7c-a6b6-4736-8310-5855508787cd -PermissionsToSecrets get

After running these commands, the error was gone and we could progress further. Note that the application ids are fixed.

Second try

Once the necessary permissions was granted, we run the deployment again to be hit with the second issue, this time I was so baffled by this error:

Error Another certificate exists with same thumbprint XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX at location xxxx in the Resource Group xxxxxx.

I wasn’t sure what’s causing the issue since I thought that since we’re reusing the same certificate, linking them wouldn’t be a problem. But when I looked at the deployments on the resource group, I found out Azure is trying to create multiple Microsoft•Web/certificates resources which will have the same thumbprint and so it fails. As Aussies say it, fair dinkum.

So I extracted the certificate resource to the parent ARM template and passed a reference of it down to linked templates:

{
  //parent ARM template
  "resources": [
    {
      "type": "Microsoft.Web/certificates",
      "name": "[parameters('prodKeyVaultSecretName')]",
      "condition": "[equals(parameters('environment'), 'prod')]",
      "apiVersion": "2016-03-01",
      "location": "[parameters('deploymentLocation')]",
      "properties": {
        "keyVaultId": "[parameters('prodKeyVaultId')]",
        "keyVaultSecretName": "[parameters('prodKeyVaultSecretName')]"
      }
    },
    //...
    {
      "apiVersion": "2017-05-10",
      "name": "web-client-app-service-linked-template",
      "type": "Microsoft.Resources/deployments",
      "metadata": {
        "comments": "Linked ARM template deploys web client app service"
      },
      "properties": {
        "mode": "Incremental",
        "templateLink": {
          "uri": "[concat('https://', parameters('artefactsStorageAccountName'),'.blob.core.windows.net/',parameters('artefactsStorageAccountContainerName'),'/client-web-app/azuredeploy.json',parameters('artefactsStorageAccountSasToken'))]",
          "contentVersion": "1.0.0.0"
        },
        "parametersLink": {
          "uri": "[concat('https://', parameters('artefactsStorageAccountName'), '.blob.core.windows.net/', parameters('artefactsStorageAccountContainerName'),'/client-web-app/azuredeploy.parameters-', parameters('environment'), '.json', parameters('artefactsStorageAccountSasToken'))]",
          "contentVersion": "1.0.0.0"
        }
      },
      "dependsOn": [
        "[resourceId('Microsoft.Web/certificates', parameters('prodKeyVaultSecretName'))]"
      ]
    },
  ]
}

And in the linked template:

{
  "resources": [
    {
      "apiVersion": "2016-08-01",
      "type": "Microsoft.Web/sites",
      "kind": "app",
      "name": "[variables('appServiceName')]",
      "tags": {
        "displayName": "app-service",
        "project": "[variables('projectName')]",
        "environment": "[parameters('environment')]"
      },
      "location": "[parameters('deploymentLocation')]",
      "properties": {
        "name": "[variables('appServiceName')]",
        "serverFarmId": "[resourceId('Microsoft.Web/serverfarms', variables('appServicePlanName'))]",
        "siteConfig": {
          "appSettings": [
            {
              "name": "WEBSITE_RUN_FROM_PACKAGE",
              "value": "1"
            }
          ]
        },
        "httpsOnly": "[parameters('appServiceHttpsOnly')]",
        "hostNameSslStates": [
          {
            "name": "[parameters('customHostname')]",
            "sslState": "SniEnabled",
            "thumbprint": "[reference(concat('Microsoft.Web/certificates/', parameters('certificateName')), '2016-03-01').Thumbprint]",
            "toUpdate": true
          }
        ]
      },
      "dependsOn": [
        "[resourceId('Microsoft.Web/serverfarms', variables('appServicePlanName'))]",
        "[resourceId('microsoft.insights/components', variables('appInsightsName'))]"
      ],
      "resources": [
        {
          "apiVersion": "2015-08-01",
          "name": "Microsoft.ApplicationInsights.AzureWebSites",
          "type": "siteextensions",
          "dependsOn": [
            "[resourceId('Microsoft.Web/Sites', variables('appServiceName'))]"
          ],
          "properties": {}
        },
        {
          "name": "appsettings",
          "type": "config",
          "apiVersion": "2015-08-01",
          "dependsOn": [
            "[resourceId('Microsoft.Web/sites', variables('appServiceName'))]",
            "Microsoft.ApplicationInsights.AzureWebSites"
          ],
          "properties": {
            "APPINSIGHTS_INSTRUMENTATIONKEY": "[reference(variables('appInsightsName'), '2015-05-01').InstrumentationKey]"
          }
        },
        {
          "type": "hostNameBindings",
          "name": "[parameters('customHostname')]",
          "condition": "[equals(parameters('environment'), 'prod')]",
          "apiVersion": "2016-08-01",
          "dependsOn": [
            "[resourceId('Microsoft.Web/sites', variables('appServiceName'))]"
          ],
          "properties": {
            "siteName": "[variables('appServiceName')]",
            "domainId": null,
            "hostNameType": "Verified"
          }
        }
      ]
    },
  ]
}

Notice the reference to the certificate resource in the hostNameSslStates property. And again we kicked off a new release to be hit with another problem.

This time it complained about a missing resource for non prod environments which was fair, as I forgot to apply the condition to the thumbprint reference.

Third try

So I applied an if condition to the thumbprint thinking it would work:

{
  "hostNameSslStates": [
    {
      "name": "[parameters('customHostname')]",
      "sslState": "SniEnabled",
      "thumbprint": "[if(equals(parameters('environment'), 'prod'), reference(concat('Microsoft.Web/certificates/', parameters('certificateName')), '2016-03-01').Thumbprint, '')]",
      "toUpdate": true
    }
  ]
}

Which failed again. This time I found out that the reference evaluation happens regardless of if statement. So I removed the hostNameSslStates altogether and used the full resource:

{
  "resources": [
    {
      "type": "hostNameBindings",
      "name": "[parameters('customHostname')]",
      "condition": "[variables('isProd')]",
      "apiVersion": "2016-08-01",
      "dependsOn": [
        "[resourceId('Microsoft.Web/sites', variables('appServiceName'))]"
      ],
      "properties": {
        "siteName": "[variables('appServiceName')]",
        "domainId": null,
        "hostNameType": "Verified",
        "sslState": "SniEnabled",
        "thumbprint": "[reference(concat('Microsoft.Web/certificates/', parameters('certificateName')), '2016-03-01').Thumbprint]"
      }
    }
  ]
}

Which failed again 😭😭😭. For the same reason as before, which was the reference to the missing resource.

Forth try

So I tried the if condition trick again this time on the thumbprint property of the hostNameBindings resource:

{
  "type": "hostNameBindings",
  "name": "[parameters('customHostname')]",
  "condition": "[variables('isProd')]",
  "apiVersion": "2016-08-01",
  "dependsOn": [
    "[resourceId('Microsoft.Web/sites', variables('appServiceName'))]"
  ],
  "properties": {
    "siteName": "[variables('appServiceName')]",
    "domainId": null,
    "hostNameType": "Verified",
    "sslState": "SniEnabled",
    "thumbprint": "[if(variables('isProd'), reference(concat('Microsoft.Web/certificates/', parameters('certificateName')), '2016-03-01').Thumbprint, '')]"
  }
}

And guess what, it was successful. OMG, I was so happy that this was working.

Summary

So if you have a wildcard certificate and you want to reuse it in multiple App Services, DO NOT create the certificate for one of those, simply create one and share it with all of them.

Here are some points which might be helpful to know:

The ARM deployment respects the conditional resource in the dependsOn section. Meaning if the resource is conditionally created, it doesn’t have any effect in the order of deployment and it won’t fail it either.
You can’t use a reference function in the variable section. Otherwise my life would’ve been much easier 😁.
When using a reference on a property, the function is evaluated regardless of the fact that you have an if condition or not (happy to be proven wrong with this one).
And last, you need to be patient when working with ARM templates 😂.

Hope this article helps someone else and saves their time. I am planning to create a template set and create a PR into kick starter repo. But don’t have any timeline as of now.

Deliver a better user experience using Vue.js Router 🛣️

Wed, 30 Oct 2019 00:00:00 GMT

Vue.js is an approachable, versatile, performant, and progressive framework to build user interfaces with. I wrote a comprehensive intro a week or so ago and promised to continue adding more each week. This week is about Vue router and how it helps deliver a better user experience.

Intro

When it comes to navigation between pages, we’ve gone through a really interesting journey. Not sure if you remember or not, every click on a link required a back and forth between client and server and that meant most times you’d lose your current state if you accidentally clicked on a link.

When people started using dynamic pages where only part of the page was loaded and not the whole page, user experience was much better and soon many websites had that by default. With this came the challenge of how to handle navigation on the browser side. Many approaches was used, but using the browser history API seems to be the winner.

Vue has its own Router which uses the same API and deeply integrates with the Vue’s core library to deliver a smooth experience for those developing Single Page Applications.

Features

Vue Router has many great features, so let’s review them:

Nested route/view mapping
Modular, component-based router configuration
Route params, query, wildcards
View transition effects powered by Vue’s transition system
Fine-grained navigation control
Links with automatic active CSS classes
HTML5 history mode or hash mode, with auto-fallback in IE9
Customizable Scroll Behaviour

We will go through each of these in details later.

Getting cstarted

Creating an application which leverages Vue Router is very easy with vue-cli.

vue create vrouter

At this point you’ll be asked to choose a preset, make sure to select the second option which says manually select features. You can press down arrow key and enter to move to the next screen.

Next you are asked to select which features you want to have for this project:

We’ll choose babel, TypeScript, Router, CSS Pre-processor, and Linter.

The next question is asking whether you want to have class style components. I just press enter since it’s not the focus of this article. Do the same for the next prompt too. Next question is asking you whether you want history mode for the router. Select yes, this will get rid of the # symbol at the end of URL and uses history.pushState to navigate without a page reload.

For the remaining questions select whatever you like 😉. Now type cd vrouter && npm run serve, you should be able to see the application compiling and once finished you can view the app at http://localhost:8080/.

Note that you have Home and About menu items at the top, click on About and you’ll be redirected to the about page.

Default config

If you open the index.ts file in the src/router folder, you will see the default configuration:

import Vue from "vue";
import VueRouter from "vue-router";
import Home from "../views/Home.vue";

Vue.use(VueRouter);

const routes = [
  {
    path: "/",
    name: "home",
    component: Home
  },
  {
    path: "/about",
    name: "about",
    // route level code-splitting
    // this generates a separate chunk (about.[hash].js) for this route
    // which is lazy-loaded when the route is visited.
    component: () =>
      import(/* webpackChunkName: "about" */ "../views/About.vue")
  }
];

const router = new VueRouter({
  mode: "history",
  base: process.env.BASE_URL,
  routes
});

export default router;

It’s very straight forward, but I want you to pay attention to two things here. First look at the way the about component is loaded. This is how Vue lazy loads the child routes. Second, check how the mode is set to history in the VueRouter constructor options. This is what you chose during setup.

Nested routes

Real life applications often have nested structure, such as all students having a profile. If you imagine a route like /student/1/profile and /student/2/profile, the profile is a nested route of the student route.

OK, now let’s add a nested route to our app. We want to add two nested routes to our about page. Assume we would have a contact page form and a find us page which will contains our address.

In order to do this, we need to:

Add a router-view tag inside our about page
Include the links which navigate to sub routes using router-link

<template>
  <div class="about">
    <h1>This is an about page</h1>    
    <div>
      <router-link to="/about/contact">Contact us</router-link>|
      <router-link to="/about/location">Our location</router-link>
    </div>
    <br/>
    <router-view></router-view>
  </div>
</template>

Note that we have nested routes here such as /about/contact. Then let’s add two components inside src/components folder, ContactForm.vue and FindUs.vue:

<!--ContactForm.vue-->
<template>
    <div>
        <form>
            <label>Name</label>
            <input type="text" name="name">

            <label>Last name</label>
            <input type="text" name="lastname">
        </form>
    </div>
</template>

And:

<!--FindUs.vue-->
<template>
    <div>
       📍 You can find us at Collins Squre, Melbourne, Australia
    </div>
</template>

At the end we need to let the router know that the about page has nested routes. This can be done using the children property of the about route. At this point feels like you’re writing Angular right 😉?

//...
import Contact from "../components/ContactForm.vue";
import Location from "../components/Location.vue";
//...
const routes = [
  {
    path: "/",
    name: "home",
    component: Home
  },
  {
    path: "/about",
    name: "about",
    component: About,
    children: [
      {
        // UserProfile will be rendered inside User's <router-view>
        // when /user/:id/profile is matched
        path: "contact",
        component: Contact
      },
      {
        // UserPosts will be rendered inside User's <router-view>
        // when /user/:id/posts is matched
        path: "location",
        component: Location
      }
    ]
  }
];

I’ve removed the extra code for brevity.

And that’s all you need to get your nested routes working. If you run the app now, you should see two links in the about page which then load the content below to one of those child components.

Dynamic routes

Often you have to map the same route with a different patterns to the same components. This can be a user profile page where you have the user id as variable such as /user/1.

This is also very easy to achieve, all you need is to change your route path from static '/user' to dynamic '/user/:id'.

//...
routes: [
  { path: '/user/:id', component: User }
]

You can access the id parameter via route params like $route.params.id. This can be used to fetch the user profile for example and show it in the page.

Not found

Most often you will need a fall back route to show a user friendly page not found page. This is again similar to what you had in Angular:

{
  // will match everything
  path: '*',
  component: PageNotFound
}

💡 Remember to put this at the end of all routes, otherwise anything below this will not work!

If you want to navigate within your code, you can use the push method of router which has the below syntax:

router.push(location, onComplete?, onAbort?)

And because you have access to router via this.$router, you can simply use it like so:

this.$router.push('about');

this.$router.push({ name: 'home' });

this.$router.push({ name: 'user', params: { userId: '123' } });

For now ignore the ones getting an object, I will explain that in a buzz.

Named routes

You can assign a name to your route, if you do this you can pass an object to router-link:

// router/index.ts
{
  path: '/student/:id',
  name: 'student',
  component: Student
}

And:

<router-link :to="{ name: 'student', params: { id: 123 }}">Student</router-link>

Note that :to is shorthand for v-bind:to, and you need this since you’re passing an object instead of string.

And programmatically:

this.$router.push({ name: 'student', params: { id: '123' } })

Redirects

If you want a particular route to be redirected elsewhere, simply add a redirect property to your route:

const router = new VueRouter({
  routes: [
    { path: '/userList', redirect: '/users' }
  ]
})

// or for a named route

const router = new VueRouter({
  routes: [
    { path: '/userList', redirect: { name: 'users' }}
  ]
})

Passing props

Coupling your component to $router.params is not a good idea. Instead of that you can set the props flag to true and you’ll have route params passed down to your component as props:

⛔ Don’t do this:

const User = {
  template: '<div>User {{ $route.params.id }}</div>'
}
const router = new VueRouter({
  routes: [
    { path: '/user/:id', component: User }
  ]
})

✅ Instead do:

const User = {
  props: ['id'],
  template: '<div>User {{ id }}</div>'
}
const router = new VueRouter({
  routes: [
    { path: '/user/:id', component: User, props: true }
  ]
})

If you have an object as props, then use the object as-is instead of setting it to true:

const router = new VueRouter({
  routes: [
    { path: '/shop', component: Shop, props: { items: [{ id: 1, name: 'Fancy pants' }] } }
  ]
})

You can use a function as well:

const router = new VueRouter({
  routes: [
    { path: '/search', component: SearchUser, props: (route) => ({ query: route.query.q }) }
  ]
})

In this case /search?q=yas will be passed as { query: 'yas' } to your component props.

Securing your app using guards

When you have an application which requires your users to login before performing certain operations, you would like to protect those pages from being seen by unauthenticated users. In this case you could use the beforeRouteUpdate lifecylce in your component:

const SecuredComponent = {
  template: `...`,
  beforeRouteEnter (to, from, next) {
    // check for logged in user
  },
  beforeRouteUpdate (to, from, next) {
    // check for logged in user
  },
  beforeRouteLeave (to, from, next) {
    // do something here
  }
}

The difference between beforeRouteEnter and beforeRouteUpdate is that you don’t have access to this in the former since the component is not initialised yet.

In terms of beforeRouteUpdate, if you have dynamic route or nested routes, the same component instance will be used when the route is updated.

And beforeRouteLeave is good if you want to clean up something or clear user sessions and cookies. You still have access to this in this method.

Apart from lifecycle methods, you can use a global route guard by using router.beforeEach:

const router = new VueRouter({ ... })

router.beforeEach((to: Route, from: Route, next: Function) => {
  // implement your logic here
})

Just note that this will be called for all routes regardless of whether they’re public or not. You can have multiple guards and they will be called in order. As for parameters to these:

to: is the target route.
from: is the origin route.
next: is a function which should be called to resolve the hook which keeps the navigation in pending state. If you forget to call this function, your route never resoles although your user is authenticated.

For the next function you can have no parameters which means go to next hook, or pass false to it like next(false) which means abort the current operation. If you want to direct the user to a completely different route, you can add the route as parameter like next('/') or next({ path: '/' }).

Meta fields

You can add meta fields to your route. If you’re wondering why you need meta fields, they’re good for a couple of reasons, but the most obvious one is to tag secure routes to be able to protect then by your global guards:

const router = new VueRoute({
  routes: [
    {
      path: 'profile',
      component: Profile,
      // a meta field
      meta: { requiresAuth: true }
    }
  ]
})

And in your guard:

router.beforeEach((to, from, next) => {
  if (to.matched.some(record => record.meta.requiresAuth)) {
    // this route requires auth, check if logged in
    // if not, redirect to login page.
    if (!auth.loggedIn()) {
      next({
        path: '/login',
        query: { redirect: to.fullPath }
      })
    } else {
      next()
    }
  } else {
    next() // make sure to always call next()!
  }
})

Named views

Sometimes you might want to load multiple views in the same page, such as a navbar, a sidebar, main section, etc. In this case you can use router-view to load multiple views instead of nesting them:

<router-view class="view sidebar"></router-view>
<router-view class="view main" name="m"></router-view>
<router-view class="view article" name="a"></router-view>

And in your router:

const router = new VueRouter({
  routes: [
    {
      path: '/',
      components: {
        default: Sidebar,
        a: Article,
        m: Main
      }
    }
  ]
})

Note that we used compoentn(s) instead of component, which is critical in order to load multiple components.

Summary

There are so much more you could learn around Vue router, and I highly suggest you check their official documentation if you’re keen to learn more.

I will be doing more articles around Vue.js as I explore different areas, so watch this space. Next articles would be state management and form handling which are necessary in most enterprise applications.

Hope you’ve enjoyed the read, and if so please spread the word.

A comprehensive intro to Vue.js 🔥🚀

Fri, 18 Oct 2019 00:00:00 GMT

Vue.js is an approachable, versatile, performant, and progressive framework to build user interfaces with. This core library is focused on building the view layer only. It uses the goodies of Angular (such as template syntax) and React (such as Virtual DOM) and adds a few more enhancements on top.

Intro

There are many articles out there, but I thought to write this up since it follows my logic of around learning a new framework/library. Vue got popular very quick because it adapts to the needs of developers. Another bonus point of it is that migrating to it is really easy. You just need to add a script tag to your page and you’re good to go.

You don’t even need to know what is a bundler like webpack, or an advanced compiler like babel or use a package manager like npm to get started with Vue.

It does have a CLI though which can help you build a fully fledged SPA with a variety of configuration options, including Babel, TypeScript, ESLint, PostCSS, PWA, Unit testing and end-to-end testing.

The best thing about its CLI is that you don’t need to eject like create-react-app to be able to customise your configuration.

Get started

OK, enough talking, let’s get started on our first Vue application. I will start with a simplest approach. Let’s create a simple HTML page:

<html>

<body>
    <div id="my-vue-app">
        <p>{{ hello }}</p>
    </div>
    <script src="https://unpkg.com/vue"></script>
    <script>
      new Vue({
        el: '#my-vue-app',
        data: {
          hello: 'Hello World!'
        }
      })
    </script>
</body>

</html>

And believe it or not, that’s all you need to have your first Vue app up and running. Now let’s break this down and see what’s happening.

The first thing you see is a paragraph which has a template reference to a variable called hello, like Angular. This means that the value gets replaced by Vue. Then we import the script from UNPKG which is a CDN (content delivery network) on top of npm.

Then we in the second script tag, we create a new instance of Vue and tell it to use a DOM element with id of #my-vue-app. Vue will have control over this element and its children. Last we specify a data object with a hello property. Vue will replace this variable in the template for us. So you should see a page with Hello World! when you open this file in a browser.

Notice we didn’t use this.data.hello to access the variable, that’s because Vue will automatically make every property of data accessible like a high level variable.

You can see this example live in this CodePen 👇🏼:

See the Pen vue-hello-world by Yaser Adel Mehraban (@yashints) on CodePen.

Using CLI

Now not all the applications are as simple as our hello world, so we need to get to know the Vue CLI which helps up build a complete application from scratch. Open the terminal in your VS Code, navigate to a folder of your choice and run this command:

npx @vue/cli create my-cli-app

Alternatively you can install it globally:

npm i -g @vue/cli

vue create create my-cli-app

When you run the command, you will be prompted to choose a preset. You can choose default which is based on Babel and ESList, or go custom in which case you have more freedom to choose from, like TypeScript, CSS pre-processor, etc.

Since the point of this intro is on Vue itself, I won’t delve into details of CLI, please visit their official website for more info on how to use CLI.

When the creation of the new application is finished, you will end up with a folder structure like this:

You don’t need to pay attention to all those files, suffice to know that index.html contains the div for Vue to handle, src/main.ts is where Vue is instantiated, and src/App.vue is a single file components (I will explain this later) which contains our default components.

Single File Component: Single File Component is a file which contains everything a Vue component needs, HTML, CSS and JavaScript. You can even scope the style to the component to prevent any unwanted styling clash with other components. In a way it’s similar to what you’ll have with Shadow DOM.

If you have a look at the script tag in the App.vue file, you’ll it’s just defining a component which contains another component, HelloWorld referenced from another file. Hello world component is another single file component which has one props passed on to it which gets displayed in the template.

I will not go any further than this at this point, but you get the idea.

To run the app, simply open the type npm run serve. You should see a page like this:

Vue root component

For now it’s enough about how to get started, let’s deep dive into Vue’s building blocks. We should start with its root instance.

new Vue({ 
  el: '#vue-app',
  data: {
    name: 'Yaser'    
  },
  computed: {
    fullName: function() {
      return this.name + 'Adel';
    }
  },
  watch: {
    name: function(oldVal, newVal) {
      console.log(`Name changed from ${oldVal} to ${newVal}`)
    }
  },
  methods: {
    nickName: function() {
      return this.name === 'Yaser' ? 'Yashints' : 'NA';
    }
  },
  created: function() {
    console.log(`${this.name}`);
  }
  ...
})

OK, there is a lot going on here, so let’s break them down one by one.

el

This is the id selector of the element we want Vue to use.

data

This object contains any property you want to maintain in your application. You can get their values in the template, by just using the property name. This just works because Vue will automatically make all of the properties accessible at high level this context.

computed

Sometimes you end up having too much logic in your template, take this fictional example:

<div id="my-component">
  {{ name.split('').reverse().join('') }}
</div>

In this case when you run the app you will see resaY, but having those function calls in the template is not a good practice. You can create a computed property to handle all these logics elsewhere outside of your templates.

var vm = new Vue({
  el: '#my-component',
  data: {
    name: 'Yaser'
  },
  computed: {
    // a computed getter
    reversedName: function () {
      // `this` points to the vm instance
      return this.name.split('').reverse().join('')
    }
  }
})

and in your template, you would just have:

<div id="my-component">
  {{ reversedName }}
</div>

Be careful with computed properties, these are cached based on the value of the their dependency, which means it will only gets re-evaluated if the value is changed.

This means the following code will not return what you think:

computed: {
  now: function () {
    return Date.now()
  }
}

That’s because Date.now() is not a reactive dependency.

methods

Methods are simple functions which give you ability to handle events like clicks and input changes. In addition to those, you can use them for many other purposes as well, but the main use case is event handling.

You might say we could implement the previous computed property using a method:

<div id="my-component">
  {{ reversedName() }}
</div>

methods: {
  reverseName: function () {
    return this.name.split('').reverse().join('')
  }
}

The end result would be exactly the same, however, the difference is that computed properties are cached based on their corresponding dependency. It means that a computed property only gets re-evaluated when the dependency changes, whereas the method will be called regardless.

Methods are ideal to handle events:

<div id="app">
  <button @click="sayhi">Hi</button>
  <p>{{ message }}</p>
</div>

And your component will have:

new Vue({
  el: '#app',
  data() {
    return {
      message: null
    }
  },
  methods: {
    sayhi() {
      this.message = 'Hey you!'
    }
  }
})

What you haven’t seen so far is the @click directive. I will go through directives later in this article, but this is a shorthand for v-on:click.

Lifecycle hooks

The created function I defined in the above snippet is just one of many lifecycle hooks you can have access to when working with Vue. Think of these as steps each component has to go through when it’s instantiated. Things like data observation, compiling the template, mount the instance to the DOM, update the DOM when data changes, and more.

For example, the created hook can be used to run a piece of code when the instance is created.

💡 Notice I haven’t used arrow functions with any of my examples so far. That’s because if you use them you lose your access to the component’s context, or this. If you happened to face an error like Uncaught TypeError: Cannot read property of undefined, or Uncaught TypeError: this.myMethod is not a function, it’s because you’ve used an arrow function.

You can see the full list of available hooks in the official documentation.

Vue components

As you saw earlier, Vue lets you define components and reuse them much like React does. However, you should know that all of those are reusable instances of the Vue itself.

You can use the component method of Vue to define a component:

Vue.component('my-name', { /* options */ })

Since every component is an instance of Vue, you can use all of the above properties except for el.

The first argument is the name of the component, which you will use in your template to add this component to your page.

Refer to the W3C rules to find out what naming structure you should use to prevent conflicts with current and future HTML elements.

When you use Vue.component method, you’re creating global components, which can be used in the template of any root Vue instance.

Local components

Sometimes you want to have a component which is only accessible within a certain area of your application (for isolation purposes). In this case you could use a local component:

var ComponentA = { /* `... */ }`

And then:

new Vue({
  el: '#app',
  components: {
    'component-a': ComponentA
  }
})

You can have as many local components as you want. The key of each property is the component’s name, and the value will be the options object for that component.

💡 Local components are not available in sub-components. But you can make them available by adding them to sub-components explicitly.

If you want to make a local component available in a sub-component, just add them explicitly:

var ComponentA = { /* `... */ }`

var ComponentB = {
  components: {
    'component-a': ComponentA
  },
  // ...
}

Props

Like other frameworks, Vue supports passing props to a component to enable a one way communication from parent to child.

Vue.component('search', {
  // camelCase in JavaScript
  props: ['searchTerm'],
  template: `
    <span>{{ searchTerm }}</span>
    <div>
      ...
    </div>
  `
})

<search search-term="javascript"></search>

Note that HTML attributes are case-insensitive, this browsers will treat any upper case character as lowercase. So if you’re using camelCased prop names, you need to use their kebab-cased equivalents like above.

You can also pass multiple props:

props: ['searchTerm', 'filter', 'sortOrder']

If you’re using TypeScript, you may want to define the type of each prop, in which case you can use an object instead of an array, where the key is the prop name and the value would be the type:

props: {
  searchTerm: String,
  filter: Number,
  sortOrder: Boolean,
}

You can use non primitive types such as Array, Object, Function, Promise, etc.

Single file component

Alright, it’s time to see what are single file components. As I mentioned earlier, they contain everything a component needs:

// component.vue

<template>
  <p>{{ greeting }} World!</p>
</template>

<script>
module.exports = {
  data: function () {
    return {
      greeting: 'Hello'
    }
  }
}
</script>

<style scoped>
p {
  font-size: 2em;
  text-align: center;
}
</style>

The most important benefits of using single file components are:

Complete syntax highlighting (you will need an extension like Vetur for VS Code)
CommonJS modules, which means you can import your components into other components using require
Component scoped CSS

You can also use ES6 modules with Bug, and Babel which you can get setup using the CLI:

<template>
  <p>{{ greeting }} World!</p>
</template>


<script>
import OtherComponent from './OtherComponent.vue'
export default {
  components: {
    OtherComponent
  },
  data () {
    return {
      greeting: 'Hello'
    }
  }
}
</script>

<style scoped>
p {
  font-size: 2em;
  text-align: center;
}
</style>

Templates

So far we’ve just gone through the Vue instance and components. But one of the most important parts of any component is its template. Vue uses interpolations for data binding similar to Angular syntax.

<p>Message: {{ msg }}</p>

The value of the msg variable from the data object gets replaced at run time.

If you want the perform the interpolation just once, use v-once directive (we will review the directives shortly):

<p v-once>Message: {{ msg }}</p>

In this case if you change the value of the msg later, the template won’t change.

Raw HTML

If you want to render raw HTML, you might know that using it in normal interpolation is not recommended mostly because of security reasons. In Angular you would use innerHTML attribute and secure it with a pipe with DomSanitizer. In React you would use <div dangerouslySetInnerHTML={createMarkup()} />. In Vue it’s really simple using v-html directive:

<p>Using v-html directive: <span v-html="rawHtml"></span></p>

Attributes

You can’t use interpolation inside HTML attributes, instead you need to use the v-bind directive:

<div v-bind:name="dynamicName"></div>

💡 If you’re using v-bind with boolean attributes like disabled, v-bind will not include the attribute if the value is null, undefined, or false.

JS expressions

You can use expressions inside data bindings:

<div>{{ number + 1 }}</div>

<div>{{ ok ? 'YES' : 'NO' }}</div>

<div>{{ message.split('').reverse().join('') }}</div>

<div v-bind:id="'list-' + id"></div>

As I mentioned earlier, don’t use too much logic in your templates, instead use methods or computed properties.

Directives

We saw a couple of directives so far, but Vue offers way more. Directives start with v-, but some of the most used ones have short hands like @click which we saw earlier. Almost all directives’ values are expected to be a single JavaScript expression except v-for.

<p v-if="error">📛 Something horrible happened!</p>

Arguments

Some directives take arguments, these are used with a colon after the name:

<a v-bind:href="url"> ... </a>

You can even use a dynamic expression as an argument to a directive. But this was only introduced in v2.6.0.

<a v-bind:[attributeName]="url"> ... </a>

Modifiers

Modifiers are postfixes which come after a directive name separated by a dot.

<form v-on:submit.prevent="onSubmit"> ... </form>

In above code snippet, .prevent is a modifier and will cause preventDefault() to be called on submit event.

CSS class and style binding

In some scenarios, you want to manipulate the class list of an HTML element, or add some inline style to them. You can use v-bind to do so.

<div v-bind:class="{ active: isActive }"></div>

You can also add multiple classes at the same time:

<div
  class="message"
  v-bind:class="{ active: isActive, 'text-danger': hasError }">
</div>

You can use an object instead of using inline expressions:

<div v-bind:class="classObject"></div>

And:

data: {
  classObject: {
    active: true,
    'text-danger': false
  }
}

For inline styles, a similar approach can be used, but instead of class, you will use style:

<div v-bind:style="{ color: activeColor, fontSize: fontSize + 'px' }"></div>

You can use object as well same as the previous example.

Conditional rendering

We used v-if in one of the previous examples. The HTML block will only get rendered if the expression returns truthy:

<h1 v-if="awesome">Vue is awesome!</h1>

But more importantly you can use an else block using v-else:

<h1 v-if="awesome">Vue is awesome!</h1>
<h1 v-else>Oh no 😢</h1>

If you want to use v-if on multiple elements which are not nested, you can use template element:

<template v-if="ok">
  <h1>Title</h1>
  <p>Paragraph 1</p>
  <p>Paragraph 2</p>
</template>

From version 2.1.0+ you can use a v-else-if directive to change a couple of conditions:

<div v-if="type === 'A'">
  A
</div>
<div v-else-if="type === 'B'">
  B
</div>
<div v-else-if="type === 'C'">
  C
</div>
<div v-else>
  Not A/B/C
</div>

v-if is not the only conditional directive in Vue, you can use a v-show as well:

<h1 v-show="ok">Hello!</h1>

The difference is exactly like their Angular counterpart, v-show will always render the element and plays with the display property.

Input binding

You can use v-model to create a two way data biding with an input, textarea, or select element:

<input v-model="message" placeholder="edit me">

For textarea you can use normal interpolation, you have to use v-model instead:

❌ This won’t work:

<textarea>{{text}}</textarea>

✔️ Instead:

<textarea v-model="message" placeholder="add multiple lines"></textarea>

Note that v-model will ignore the initial value, checked, and selected attributes you may put on your elements. So use the properties on data object to initialise those.

<input type="checkbox" id="checkbox" v-model="checked">

And:

//...
data: {
  checked: true
}

For multiple check boxes you can use an array:

<div id='example-3'>
  <input type="checkbox" id="jack" value="Jack" v-model="checkedNames">
  <label for="jack">Jack</label>
  <input type="checkbox" id="john" value="John" v-model="checkedNames">
  <label for="john">John</label>
  <input type="checkbox" id="mike" value="Mike" v-model="checkedNames">
  <label for="mike">Mike</label>
  <br>
  <span>Checked names: {{ checkedNames }}</span>
</div>

And:

new Vue({
  el: '#example-3',
  data: {
    checkedNames: []
  }
})

For select, you can either use a single property (single select), or an array (multi select).

<select v-model="selected">
  <option disabled value="">Please select one</option>
  <option>A</option>
  <option>B</option>
  <option>C</option>
</select>

For array:

<select v-model="selected" multiple>
  <option>A</option>
  <option>B</option>
  <option>C</option>
</select>

And:

//...
data: {
  selected: []
}

And lastly, you can use v-for if you want to render custom options.

<select v-model="selected">
  <option v-for="option in options" v-bind:value="option.value">
    {{ option.text }}
  </option>
</select>

Rendering lists

You can use v-for directive to render a list of elements. The syntax is item in items where items is an array and item is the alias for each entry in the array:

<ul class="navbar">
  <li v-for="item in items">
    <a v-bind:href="item.href" >{{item.title}}</a>
  </li>
</ul>

You can event loop through an objects properties using v-for:

<ul id="v-for-object" class="demo">
  <li v-for="value in object">
    {{ value }}
  </li>
</ul>

And in your component:

new Vue({
  el: '#v-for-object',
  data: {
    object: {
      title: 'How to do lists in Vue',
      author: 'Jane Doe',
      publishedAt: '2016-04-10'
    }
  }
})

💡 Vue has a different way of handling updates in lists, when the array gets updated, Vue uses an in-place patch approach. This means instead of moving DOM nodes, Vue will update the items to reflects what should be rendered in place. Because of this, if you’re relying on form input values, or child component state, you need to provide a unique key using v-bind:key similar to trackBy in Angular.

Event handling

Now that we’ve seen the use of directives, it’s time to talk about event handling. This is the last section of this intro 😉.

You can use v-on to handle events that are happening on your elements.

<button v-on:click="counter += 1">Add 1</button>

You can also use methods for handling events:

<button v-on:click="greet">Greet</button>

And:

methods: {
  greet: function (event) {
    // `this` inside methods points to the Vue instance
    alert('Hello ' + this.name + '!')
    // `event` is the native DOM event
    if (event) {
      alert(event.target.tagName)
    }
  }
}

If you need to access the original event, simply use $event and pass it to the method:

<button v-on:click="warn('Form cannot be submitted yet.', $event)">
  Submit
</button>

And:

// ...
methods: {
  warn: function (message, event) {
    // now we have access to the native event
    if (event) event.preventDefault()
    alert(message)
  }
}

I mentioned modifiers briefly before. Below is the list of modifiers you can use:

.stop
.prevent
.capture
.self
.once
.passive

But this is outside of scope of this intro. You can find our more here.

Summary

And that’s all you need to know to get started with Vue. There are way more topics than I mentioned here, but I believe you need to start small and as you go on, move towards more advanced scenarios. I will promise I will go through some of those advanced topics like Router, state management, form handling, animation, etc later, so stay tuned.

React hooks you should know about 🔥

Sun, 06 Oct 2019 00:00:00 GMT

React Hooks are somewhat a new addition to React. They allow you to use React features without the need to use a class. But I am not going to go through an introduction in this post, there are many great into posts out there. This post shows you eight hooks and what you can achieve with them.

`react-use-form-state` hook

Forms are a very common pattern when it comes to getting information from users. From small to large forms, they all have their own state we have to manage, whether it’s for validation or to populate another input based on previous selection.

This hook is a handy tool which allows you simplify managing form’s state using the native HTML input fields.

You can install it with:

npm i react-use-form-state

And a simple usage:

import { useFormState } from 'react-use-form-state';
 
export default function SignUpForm({ onSubmit }) {
  const [formState, { text, email, password, radio }] = useFormState();
 
  function handleSubmit(e) {
    // ...
  }
 
  return (
    <form onSubmit={handleSubmit}>
      <input {...text('name')} />
      <input {...email('email')} required />
      <input {...password('password')} required minLength="8" />
      <input {...radio('plan', 'free')} />
      <input {...radio('plan', 'premium')} />
    </form>
  );
}

With this you get a json structure like this:

{
  values: {
    name: 'Mary Poppins',
    email: 'mary@example.com',
    password: '1234',
    plan: 'free',
  },
  touched: {
    name: true,
    email: true,
    password: true,
    plan: true,
  },
  validity: {
    name: true,
    email: true,
    password: false,
    plan: true,
  },
  errors: {
    password: 'Please lengthen this text to 8 characters or more',
  },
  clear: Function,
  clearField: Function,
  reset: Function,
  resetField: Function,
  setField: Function,
}

It also allow you to initialise it via initialState object, a wide variety of on form event handlers, advanced input options, custom input validation, custom controls and much more. Definitely check their GitHub Repo for more information.

`use-media`

This tiny hook is really handy if you’re trying to deliver a responsive user experience. It tracks the state of a CSS media query and lets you act on that.

With useEffect:

import useMedia from 'use-media';
// Alternatively, you can import as:
// import {useMedia} from 'use-media';

const Demo = () => {
  // Accepts an object of features to test
  const isWide = useMedia({minWidth: 1000});
  // Or a regular media query string
  const reduceMotion = useMedia('(prefers-reduced-motion: reduce)');

  return (
    <div>
      Screen is wide: {isWide ? '😃' : '😢'}
    </div>
  );
};

With useLayoutEffect:

import {useMediaLayout} from 'use-media';

const Demo = () => {
  // Accepts an object of features to test
  const isWide = useMediaLayout({minWidth: 1000});
  // Or a regular media query string
  const reduceMotion = useMediaLayout('(prefers-reduced-motion: reduce)');

  return (
    <div>
      Screen is wide: {isWide ? '😃' : '😢'}
    </div>
  );
};

For more information about this nifty little hook, visit this GitHub repo.

`react-firebase-hooks`

I don’t have to tell you how great firebase is, but what if you could use a set of hooks to easily integrate with it? It’s got 4 set of hooks for you to use:

Usage:

import { useAuthState } from 'react-firebase-hooks/auth';

const CurrentUser = () => {
  const [user, initialising, error] = useAuthState(firebase.auth());
  const login = () => {
    firebase.auth().signInWithEmailAndPassword('test@test.com', 'password');
  };
  const logout = () => {
    firebase.auth().signOut();
  };

  if (initialising) {
    return (
      <div>
        <p>Initialising User...</p>
      </div>
    );
  }
  if (error) {
    return (
      <div>
        <p>Error: {error}</p>
      </div>
    );
  }
  if (user) {
    return (
      <div>
        <p>Current User: {user.email}</p>
        <button onClick={logout}>Log out</button>
      </div>
    );
  }
  return <button onClick={login}>Log in</button>;
};

Of course you don’t hard code your username and password right? 😁

Find out more here.

`use-onClickOutside` hook

Many times has happened for me to need to be aware of when the user clicks outside of an element. This might be to change something or perform an action. This little hook allows you to do exactly that:

import * as React from 'react'
import useOnClickOutside from 'use-onclickoutside'

export default function Modal({ close }) {
  const ref = React.useRef(null)
  useOnClickOutside(ref, close)

  return <div ref={ref}>{'Modal content'}</div>
}

As you can see, you can provide a ref to an element and pass it to the hook. If there is a click anywhere outside of the element, the the call-back function, in this case close is called.

Find out more about this hook in this GitHub repo.

`useIntersectionObserver` hook

You might remember I did a post on image optimisation and how IntersectionObserver API is a handy tool to load an image lazily when it appears on viewport.

This hook allows you to use this great API:

import React, { useRef, useState } from "react";
import { useIntersectionObserver } from "react-hook-intersection-observer";

const App = () => {
  const root = useRef();    // We need a ref to our "root" or our parent,
  const target = useRef();  // We need a ref to our "target" or our child-to-watch,

  // Let's use a bit of state.
  const [isThingIntersecting, setThingIntersecting] = useState(false);

  // Here's our hook! Let's give it some configuration...
  useIntersectionObserver({
    root,
    target,

    // What do we do when it intersects?
    // The signature of this callback is (collectionOfIntersections, observerElement).
    onIntersect: ([{ isIntersecting }]) => setThingIntersecting(isIntersecting)
  });

  return (
    <div className="App">
      <h1>useIntersectionObserver</h1>
      <h2>
        The thing is currently{" "}

        {!isThingIntersecting && <span style={{ color: "red" }}>not</span>}{" "}

        <span style={{ color: isThingIntersecting ? "green" : "black" }}>
          intersecting
        </span>

        !
      </h2>


      <div ref={root} className="black-box">
        <div className="larger-box">
          <div ref={target}>THE THING</div>
        </div>
      </div>
    </div>
  );
};

To find out more, have a look at this GitHub repo.

react use collection

This is a collection of some great hooks you can use in categories like Sensors, UI, Animations, Side-effects, Lifecycles, and State.

An example is useLocation which gives you the ability to access the location of the browser.

import {useLocation} from 'react-use';

const Demo = () => {
  const state = useLocation();

  return (
    <pre>
      {JSON.stringify(state, null, 2)}
    </pre>
  );
};

If you’re using Internet Explorer (but why 😂), you can use this polyfill.

Or you can use useBattery to track the battery status on a mobile device:

import {useBattery} from 'react-use';

const Demo = () => {
  const batteryState = useBattery();

  if (!batteryState.isSupported) {
    return (
      <div>
        <strong>Battery sensor</strong>: <span>not supported</span>
      </div>
    );
  }

  if (!batteryState.fetched) {
    return (
      <div>
        <strong>Battery sensor</strong>: <span>supported</span> <br />
        <strong>Battery state</strong>: <span>fetching</span>
      </div>
    );
  }

  return (
    <div>
      <strong>Battery sensor</strong>:&nbsp;&nbsp; <span>supported</span> <br />
      <strong>Battery state</strong>: <span>fetched</span> <br />
      <strong>Charge level</strong>:&nbsp;&nbsp; <span>{ (batteryState.level * 100).toFixed(0) }%</span> <br />
      <strong>Charging</strong>:&nbsp;&nbsp; <span>{ batteryState.charging ? 'yes' : 'no' }</span> <br />
      <strong>Charging time</strong>:&nbsp;&nbsp;
      <span>{ batteryState.chargingTime ? batteryState.chargingTime : 'finished' }</span> <br />
      <strong>Discharging time</strong>:&nbsp;&nbsp; <span>{ batteryState.dischargingTime }</span>
    </div>
  );
};

To find out about all of those, check this GitHub repo.

React Redux hooks

React Redux now offers a set of hook APIs as an alternative to the existing connect() Higher Order Component. These APIs allow you to subscribe to the Redux store and dispatch actions, without having to wrap your components in connect().

Here is the useSelector hook returns a part of all of store using a selector function.

import React from 'react'
import { useSelector } from 'react-redux'

export const CounterComponent = () => {
  const counter = useSelector(state => state.counter)
  return <div>{counter}</div>
}

Checkout their comprehensive documentation to find out more.

react-hanger

A set of helpful hooks with focus on primitive types state changing. They have two version, but the recommendation is to use V2.

Install:

yarn add react-hanger

Usage:

import React, { Component } from "react";

import {
  useInput,
  useBoolean,
  useNumber,
  useArray,
  useOnMount,
  useOnUnmount
} from "react-hanger";

const App = () => {
  const newTodo = useInput("");
  const showCounter = useBoolean(true);
  const limitedNumber = useNumber(3, { lowerLimit: 0, upperLimit: 5 });
  const counter = useNumber(0);
  const todos = useArray(["hi there", "sup", "world"]);

  const rotatingNumber = useNumber(0, {
    lowerLimit: 0,
    upperLimit: 4,
    loop: true
  });

  return (
    <div>
      <button onClick={showCounter.toggle}> toggle counter </button>
      <button onClick={() => counter.increase()}> increase </button>
      {showCounter.value && <span> {counter.value} </span>}
      <button onClick={() => counter.decrease()}> decrease </button>
      <button onClick={todos.clear}> clear todos </button>
      <input type="text" value={newTodo.value} onChange={newTodo.onChange} />
    </div>
  );
};

You can play with these in this CodeSandbox.

Check this GitHub repo for more information.

Summary

I was surprised to find out how many hooks have already being developed by the community to be honest. There are so many and I can’t go through all of them here. But if you’re hungry for more, check this gem I found which has a collection of tools, hooks, tutorials, videos, podcasts, and more.

Send performance metrics from client side with Navigation Timing API ⚡

Sun, 29 Sep 2019 00:00:00 GMT

Everybody likes a fast loading web page. In fact, Google has an entire section dedicated to performance and how companies are moving towards a faster web. Wouldn’t it be good if we could measure some critical metrics like page load time in our production environment and constantly monitor them to find out where can be improved?

Navigation Timing API is a JavaScript API which can be used to accurately measure performance on the client side. This data can then be transmitted to server side to allow real time monitoring of performance metrics.

The API provides a simple way to natively get accurate and detailed timing statistics for page navigation and load events. Metrics such as page load time, amount of time needed to unload the previous page, how long domain lookups take and so on can be measured by this API.

How to use it?

This API has two interfaces, Performance and PerformanceNavigationTiming. The window.performance property returns a Performance interface which is defined by High Resolution API, plus two additional properties:

timing: data for navigation and page load events.
navigation: how the user navigated to the page.

You can try this API in the browser’s console (pressing Ctrl+Shift+J for Chrome on Windows or CMD+Option+J for Mac users):

> performance

And you will see an object like this:

Better alternative to `Date` object

Historically, we’ve used Date object for timing metrics like:

let start = Date.now();

And at the end of the page:

console.log(`It took: ${Date.now() - start} ms for the page to load!`);

However, this is very inefficient because of a couple of reasons. First, the timing code is on the page which takes time itself and affects performance. Besides, you should know that JavaScript time is not accurate. Furthermore, it wouldn’t be close to what users experienced it, and worst of all, you can’t use Date object, to measure network latency before the page started loading.

If you think of events which happen before the page even begins to load such as DNS resolution, redirects and server response time, technically you can’t measure these by inline code since your code hasn’t arrived yet.

Each of the properties of of performance.timing shows the time of navigation events such as when the page was requested 👉🏼 requestStart or page load events such as when the DOM began loading 👉🏼 domLoading in milliseconds since the midnight of Jan 1, 1970 UTC.

💡 A zero value means that the event didn’t occur. Events such as redirectStart or secureConnectionStart might not happen at all.

For more information on these events, you can have a look at the W3C Recommendation.

You can see the order of these events from the picture below from the above document:

Some use cases

Now let’s have a look at how we can calculate some metrics using these useful properties.

Total page load time

In order to calculate the total page load time, you can use the loadEventEnd and navigationStart properties:

const perfObj = window.performance.timing;

let pageLoadTime = perfObj.loadEventEnd - perfObj.navigationStart;

Page render time

To calculate the total time taken to render the page, simply use domComplete and domLoading properties:

const perfObj = window.performance.timing;

let renderTime = perfObj.domComplete - perfObj.domLoading;

Request response time

To calculate the time between beginning of the request to the end of response retrieval, you can use:

const perfObj = window.performance.timing;

let renderTime = perfObj.responseEnd - perfObj.requestStart;

Network latency

If you want to measure network latency:

const perfObj = window.performance.timing;

let renderTime = perfObj.responseEnd - perfObj.fetchStart;

To have the sum of navigation and page load time:

const perfObj = window.performance.timing;

let renderTime = perfObj.loadEventEnd - perfObj.navigationStart;

Pinpoint redirect problems

To find out about any issue in redirects:

const perfObj = window.performance.timing;

let renderTime = perfObj.redirectEnd - perfObj.redirectStart;

`navigation` property

There are many ways to end up on a page. If you want to know how your user ended up on your page, or how many redirects they’ve had before landing there, this property is your friend. performance.navigation has two properties:

redirectCount: the number of times the document request was redirected.
type: type of the navigation which lead to this page.

The type property is an enum which can have three values:

0: action by the user such as clicking a link or entering a URL in the browser address bar.
1: page reload.
2: navigation through going back and forth from history of the browser.

Summary

We saw how we can use the Navigation Timing API to get performance metrics on client side which can be sent to server to monitor performance of users in real time regardless of where they are and how they got there. This API is really powerful and has helped me a lot to help customers find out where they need to focus their energy to improve performance on which pages 😍.

Hope this has been helpful and till next time, au revoir 👋.

Page Visibility API, let's help users save their battery life 😀

Sun, 22 Sep 2019 00:00:00 GMT

Are you want of those people with 200 tabs open? Are you tired of carrying your laptop charger with you all the time? Well, I am here to let you know we can help users save battery, data, and time, if we know how to use the Page Visibility API.

The why

Imagine your user has a few tabs open, one running a heavy animation, the other getting a lot of data from the server, and another running a video from YouTube. These all require resources from user’s computer and that’s why sometimes having a few tabs open you suddenly realise you’re running out of battery, or your data allowance is finishing.

💡 What if you could pause the current operation on a tab/window if the user isn’t looking at it?

With Page Visibility API, you can do that.

Page Visibility API

This API allows a developer to become aware if the user has lost focus on the page, or has returned to it again. When the user minimises, or switches to another tab/window, the API sends a visibilitychange event to let the listeners know the state of the page.

Page Visibility API is a very useful tool in your toolbox which gives you the power to not perform unnecessary operations when the page is not visible to user.

This API adds the following properties to the Document interface:

hidden: which is a read-only attribute and returns true if the page is in a state to be considered hidden to user.
visibilityState: which is a DOMString indicating the document’s current visibility state. It can have four values, visible, hidden, prerender, and unloaded.

You can also listen to the visibilitychange event which will trigger your callback function whenever the visibility changes:

function handleVisibilityChange () {
    if (document.hidden) {
        // stop that task 🛑
    } else {
        // you can start it again go ▶️
    }
}

document.addEventListener('visibilitychange', handleVisibilityChange, false);

`visibilityState`

As mentioned before, this property can have four different values each of which representing a different tab/window state:

visible: This means the tab/window is visible or partially so. In other words, it means the page is the foreground tab of a non-minimised window.
hidden: Page is not visible due to being minimised or the device’s screen is off.
prerender: The page is now being prerendered and is not visible to user.
unloaded: This means the user is about to close the current page.

⚠️ You need to know that not all browsers support the last two states.

Demo

The simplest scenario is playing video on the page, so we will be using that as an example. Let’s use a simple video element on the page which will be paused when the user focuses on another tab.

<body>
    <h1>Demo: Page Visibility API</h1>
    
    <main>
        <video id="videoElement" 
               poster="http://media.w3.org/2010/05/sintel/poster.png" width="400"
               controls="" >
           <source id='mp4' src="http://media.w3.org/2010/05/sintel/trailer.mp4" type='video/mp4'/>
        <source id='webm' src="http://media.w3.org/2010/05/sintel/trailer.webm" type='video/webm'/>
        <source id='ogv' src="http://media.w3.org/2010/05/sintel/trailer.ogv" type='video/ogg'/>
            <p>Sorry, there's a problem playing this video. Please try using a different browser</p>
        </video>
    </main>
    
    
    <script>    

    (function() {
        'use strict';
        
        // Set the name of the "hidden" property and the change event for visibility
        var hidden, visibilityChange; 
        if (typeof document.hidden !== "undefined") {
          hidden = "hidden";
          visibilityChange = "visibilitychange";
        } else if (typeof document.mozHidden !== "undefined") { // Firefox up to v17
          hidden = "mozHidden";
          visibilityChange = "mozvisibilitychange";
        } else if (typeof document.webkitHidden !== "undefined") { // Chrome up to v32, Android up to v4.4, Blackberry up to v10
          hidden = "webkitHidden";
          visibilityChange = "webkitvisibilitychange";
        }
        
        var videoElement = document.getElementById("videoElement");

        // If the page is hidden, pause the video;
        // if the page is shown, play the video
        function handleVisibilityChange() {
          if (document[hidden]) {
            videoElement.pause();
          } else {
            videoElement.play();
          }
        }

        // Warn if the browser doesn't support addEventListener or the Page Visibility API
        if (typeof document.addEventListener === "undefined" || typeof document[hidden] === "undefined") {
          alert("This demo requires a modern browser that supports the Page Visibility API.");
        } else {
          // Handle page visibility change   
          document.addEventListener(visibilityChange, handleVisibilityChange, false);
            
          // When the video pauses and plays, change the title.
          videoElement.addEventListener("pause", function(){
            document.title = 'Paused';
          }, false);
            
          videoElement.addEventListener("play", function(){
            document.title = 'Playing'
          }, false);
        }

    })();
    </script>

</body>

All we’re doing is to get a reference to the video element and hook into the visibilitychange event. When the page is hidden, we simply pause the video. Once the focus is back in, we play it.

I’ve create a live version on Glitch you can have a look. Play the video and click on another tab. The video will get paused and once you’re back, it plays again.

Summary

A good web application does not necessarily require hot features and impressive UX. Sometimes a performing web application would appeal to users like no other. Hope this little article helps you help your users in many ways.

Happy exploring 😊.