Untitled RSS Feed

Handling forms with Vue.js 🧾

Sun, 10 Nov 2019 00:00:00 GMT

Vue.js is an approachable, versatile, performant, and progressive framework to build user interfaces with. I’ve written two separate articles on it so far:

This time we will have a look at handling form with Vue.js, something which is almost inevitable in enterprise applications.

Background

When it comes to working with forms, it’s always good to know the in and out of how to handle them in your choice of framework. Of course there are some common knowledge around forms, but dealing with one can be tough at times especially if you care about the user experience.

Scenario

Assume we have a sign up form for new users on our product. We want to build this sign up form, from scratch, and step by step together.

Start

Let’s start a new application and create a component first:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
  <title>Handling Forms with Vue.js</title>
  <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://stackpath.bootstrapcdn.com/bootstrap/4.3.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" integrity="sha384-ggOyR0iXCbMQv3Xipma34MD+dH/1fQ784/j6cY/iJTQUOhcWr7x9JvoRxT2MZw1T" crossorigin="anonymous">

</head>

<body>
  <div class="container" id="app">
    <div class="">
      <section class="mt-md">
        <h1 class="title">Form handling with Vue.js</h1>
        <p class="text-muted">
          Learn how to work with forms, including <strong>validation</strong>!
        </p>
        <hr>      
        
        <section class="form">
          <!--Our form will be here-->
        </section>
      </section>
    </div>
  </div>
  
<script src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/vue/dist/vue.js"></script>


<script>
  new Vue({
    el: '#app'
  })
</script>

</body>
</html>

Text inputs

As I mentioned in my intro, you can bind form input values to Vue’s data object using v-model. So let’s add a few text inputs for name and last name.

<form>
  <div class="form-group">
    <label for="firstName">First name</label>
    <input type="text" v-model="form.firstName" class="form-control" id="firstName" placeholder="Enter your name">
  </div>
  <div class="form-group">
    <label for="lastName">Last name</label>
    <input type="text" v-model="form.lastName" class="form-control" id="lastName" placeholder="Enter your last name">
  </div>
</form>

In the code snippet we just defined, we’re using two text inputs and binding them to first name and last name of the form property in the data object. The v-model creates a two way binding between our input and its corresponding property. To be sure that we’ve got everything right, you can use the code snippet below and see the values as you’re typing:

<div class="shadow">
  <div v-for="(item, k) in form">
    <strong>{{ deCamelCase(k) }}</strong> {{item}}
  </div>
</div>

And in your JavaScript code:

// the rest
<script>
  new Vue({
    el: '#app',
    data: {
      form: {
        firstName: '',
        lastName: ''
      }
    },
    methods: {
      deCamelCase: function(str) {
        const result = str.replace(/([A-Z]+)/g, " $1");
        return result.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + result.slice(1) + ':'
      }
    }
  })
</script>

If you start typing into any of those text boxes, you should see the result in the bottom div.

Setting default value

Vue will ignore the value, checked, or selected attributes of the inputs you use and uses the data object as source of truth. This means you can set default values for your form fields:

data: {
  form: {
    firstName: 'Yas',
    lastName: ''
  }
}

You can see the value of the input get set to Yas when the page renders.

Textarea

Adding a textarea is exactly like adding a normal text input:

<div class="form-group">
  <label for="notes">Additional information</label>
  <textarea v-model="form.additionalInfo" class="form-control" id="notes" rows="3"></textarea>
</div>

Don’t forget to add the additionalInfo to your data object.

Select element

Adding

<div class="form-group">
  <label for="ageGroup">Select your age group</label>
  <select v-model="form.ageGroup" class="form-control" id="ageGroup">
    <option value="1">18-22</option>
    <option value="2">22-25</option>
    <option value="3">25-27</option>
    <option value="4">27-30</option>
    <option value="5">30-33</option>
  </select>
</div>

And in your data object:

form: {
  firstName: 'Yas',
  lastName: '',
  additionalInfo: '',
  ageGroup: ''
}

If you want to add multiselect to your element, all you need to do is to add the attribute and change the type of the ageGroup property from string to array. If you want a default selection, simply set the value of the ageGroup in the data object and Vue will take of the rest.

If you want to populate the options dynamically, simply use a v-for directive:

<option v-for="option in options" v-bind:value="option.value">
  {{ option.text }}
</option>

Checkbox & Radio buttons

A single checkbox is very straightforward to use, the value of it will be a boolean:

<div class="card">
  <div class="card-body">
    <h5 class="card-title">Terms and Conditions</h5>
    <h6 class="card-subtitle mb-2 text-muted">Read and agree</h6>
    <p class="card-text">Doggo ipsum clouds what a nice floof long water shoob doggo extremely cuuuuuute,   heckin good boys long water shoob.</p>
    <div class="form-check">
      <input class="form-check-input" 
        type="checkbox" 
        v-model="form.agreeToTsCs" 
        value="" id="termsAndConditions">
      <label class="form-check-label" for="termsAndConditions">
        Agree with terms and conditions
      </label>
    </div>
  </div>
</div>

And don’t forget to add the property:

form: {
  firstName: 'Yas',
  lastName: '',
  additionalInfo: '',
  ageGroup: '',
  agreeToTsCs: false
}

For multiple checkboxes, they all use the same property, but the type would be array.

A single radio button by itself is normally useless, so you’d want to use a radio button group. The value of the property would be the value of the selected radio input:

<div class="form-check">
  <input class="form-check-input" 
    type="radio" 
    name="termSelection" 
    v-model="form.enrollingTerm"
    id="termSelection1" value="1">
  <label class="form-check-label" for="termSelection1">
    Term 1
  </label>
</div>
<div class="form-check">
  <input class="form-check-input" 
    type="radio" 
    name="termSelection" 
    v-model="form.enrollingTerm"
    id="termSelection2" 
    value="2">
  <label class="form-check-label" for="termSelection2">
    Term 2
  </label>
</div>
<div class="form-check">
  <input class="form-check-input" 
    type="radio" 
    name="termSelection" 
    v-model="form.enrollingTerm"
    id="termSelection3" 
    value="3">
  <label class="form-check-label" for="termSelection3">
    Term 3
  </label>
</div>

And add the property:

form: {
  firstName: 'Yas',
  lastName: '',
  additionalInfo: '',
  ageGroup: '1',
  agreeToTsCs: false,
  enrollingTerm: ''
}

Modifiers

There are a few modifiers which will be helpful for different scenarios and are provided out of the box. Let’s review them one by one:

.lazy

By default v-model will update the value of the input with your property on every input event. If you don’t want that to happen, you can add .lazy and it will happen after change event:

<div class="form-group">
  <label for="lazilyUpdated">This input will update after <code>change</code> event</label>
  <input type="text" class="form-control" v-model.lazy="form.lazilyUpdated" id="lazilyUpdated" placeholder="">
</div>

If you start typing on this text box, it will not get updated until you move away (blur happens).

.number

This one will cast the value to be always a number:

<div class="form-group">
  <label for="alwaysNumber">This property will always be number</code> event</label>
  <input type="number" class="form-control" v-model.number="form.alwaysNumber" id="alwaysNumber" placeholder="">
</div>

For the property you can use:

form: {
  firstName: 'Yas',
  lastName: '',
  additionalInfo: '',
  ageGroup: '1',
  agreeToTsCs: false,
  enrollingTerm: '',
  lazilyUpdated: '',
  alwaysNumber: null
}

And just to make sure it works, you can add this to your value area:

<div>{{ typeof(form.alwaysNumber) }}</div>

This is useful because input type=number will give you a string value and you have to use parseInt or parseFloat to get the correct type.

.trim

This one is very obvious, it scrapes the whitespace from typed text:

<div class="form-group">
  <label for="alwaysTrimmed">Trimmed text</code> event</label>
  <input type="text" class="form-control" v-model.number="form.alwaysTrimmed" id="alwaysTrimmed" placeholder="">
</div>

And:

form: {
  firstName: 'Yas',
  lastName: '',
  additionalInfo: '',
  ageGroup: '1',
  agreeToTsCs: false,
  enrollingTerm: '',
  lazilyUpdated: '',
  alwaysNumber: null,
  alwaysTrimmed: ''
}

Now copy paste this string into the input and watch what happens 👉🏼 test test.

Validation

You wouldn’t want to send data invalidated to your server, right? Form validation is a key to handling any form data entered by users. In its simplest form, you could implement all your validation rules in a method and check them as the user continues or even before submitting.

However, we all know how much boiler plate code you have to write for that. So the most logical option is to find out what are our options out there. The open source community is very active and for most of what you need, there is already a matured library for it. We will review the most popular choice here, vuelidate.

First you will need to install it:

npm install vuelidate --save

If you want to have validation enabled globally, you just need to import the library and use a plugin:

import Vue from 'vue'
import Vuelidate from 'vuelidate'

Vue.use(Vuelidate)

If you just want this on a single component, you could import a mixin directly:

import { validationMixin } from 'vuelidate'

var Component = Vue.extend({
  mixins: [validationMixin],
  validations: { ... }
})

Basic usage

Let’s add some validation to our form. Say we want to make the first and last name mandatory, and set a minimum length for last name.

import { required, minLength } from 'vuelidate/lib/validators'

new Vue({
  el: '#app',
  data: {
    form: {
      firstName: 'Yas',
      lastName: '',
      additionalInfo: '',
      ageGroup: '1',
      agreeToTsCs: false,
      enrollingTerm: '',
      lazilyUpdated: '',
      alwaysNumber: null,
      alwaysTrimmed: ''
    }
  },
  validations: {
    form: {
      firstName: {
        required
      },
      lastName: {
        required,
        minLength: minLength(4)
      }
    }
  },
  methods: {
    deCamelCase: function(str) {
      const result = str.replace(/([A-Z]+)/g, " $1");
      return result.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + result.slice(1) + ':'
    }
  }
})

Now in our template we need to add the validation error message:

<div class="form-group">
  <label for="firstName">First name</label>
  <input
        type="text"
        v-model="form.firstName"
        class="form-control"
        id="firstName"
        placeholder="Enter your name"
      />
  <div v-if="!$v.form.firstName.required" class="text-danger">
    First name is required</div>
</div>
<div class="form-group">
  <label for="lastName">Last name</label>
  <input
        type="text"
        v-model="form.lastName"
        class="form-control"
        id="lastName"
        placeholder="Enter your last name"
      />  
  <div v-if="!$v.form.lastName.required" class="text-danger">
    Last name is required</div>
  <div v-if="!$v.form.lastName.minLength" class="text-danger">
    Last name should be minimum 4 character</div>
</div>

Now you will have error messages shown when any of those rules are not met. Note that for first name I’ve used $error, which gives us ability to hide the error until the form is submitted or the status of the form property becomes dirty. For last name, I’ve used individual error fields, but that means that the error is visible on page load. A simple fix would be:

<div v-if="$v.form.lastName.$error">
  <div v-if="!$v.form.lastName.required"
    :class="{ 'text-danger': !$v.form.lastName.required }">
    Last name is required</div>
  <div v-if="!$v.form.lastName.minLength"
    :class="{ 'text-danger': !$v.form.lastName.minLength }">
    Last name should be minimum 4 character</div>
</div>

All the code together in action

You can find the complete code on StackBlitz and play with it to explore more scenarios.

Summary

We saw how form handling is very straight forward in Vue, and learnt a few tricks like lazy, and trim on v-model directive. We saw how error handling would be simple using a validation library instead of doing it from scratch and reinvent the wheel. And last but not least, we saw how to use vuelidate library to handle our form’s errors.

Hope this has been helpful for you and stay tuned for the next article about state management in Vue.js.

Infrastructure as code, Azure app service using a wildcard certificate from KeyVault

Thu, 31 Oct 2019 00:00:00 GMT

This post is one of those posts which is related to my consulting side. I was involved in a project where infrastructure as code was the approach from get go and since we had everything on Azure, we chose a mix of ARM templates and PowerShell. I hit a few issues along the way which I think it’s very valuable to be aware of for many people and especially myself in future on a similar project 😊.

Background

I don’t want to go through the whole architecture, suffice to know we have a few App Services and Azure Functions which need SSL binding and custom host name only in production. Since we’re managing the DNS records with Cloudflare, we got a wildcard cert for our domain and we imported the PFX file into a Key Vault in a separate resource group to be used in our release.

First try

So the ARM template we had looked like this initially:

{
  "parameters": {
    //...
  },
  "variables": {
    //...
  },
  "resources": [
    {
      "type": "microsoft.insights/components",
      "apiVersion": "2015-05-01",
      "name": "[variables('appInsightsName')]",
      "location": "[variables('appInsightsLocation')]",
      "tags": {
        "displayName": "app-insights",
        "project": "[variables('projectName')]",
        "environment": "[parameters('environment')]"
      },
      "kind": "web",
      "properties": {
        "Application_Type": "web",
        "Request_Source": "IbizaWebAppExtensionCreate"
      }
    },
    {
      "apiVersion": "2016-09-01",
      "type": "Microsoft.Web/serverfarms",
      "kind": "app",
      "name": "[variables('appServicePlanName')]",
      "tags": {
        "displayName": "app-service-plan",
        "project": "[variables('projectName')]",
        "environment": "[parameters('environment')]"
      },
      "location": "[parameters('deploymentLocation')]",
      "properties": {
        "name": "[variables('appServicePlanName')]",
        "perSiteScaling": false,
        "reserved": false,
        "targetWorkerCount": 0,
        "targetWorkerSizeId": 0
      },
      "dependsOn": [],
      "sku": {
        "name": "[parameters('appServicePlanSku')]",
        "tier": "[parameters('appServicePlanTier')]",
        "size": "[parameters('appServicePlanSize')]",
        "family": "[parameters('appServicePlanFamily')]",
        "capacity": "[parameters('appServicePlanCapacity')]"
      }
    },
    {
      "apiVersion": "2016-08-01",
      "type": "Microsoft.Web/sites",
      "kind": "app",
      "name": "[variables('appServiceName')]",
      "tags": {
        "displayName": "app-service",
        "project": "[variables('projectName')]",
        "environment": "[parameters('environment')]"
      },
      "location": "[parameters('deploymentLocation')]",
      "properties": {
        "name": "[variables('appServiceName')]",
        "serverFarmId": "[resourceId('Microsoft.Web/serverfarms', variables('appServicePlanName'))]",
        "siteConfig": {
          "appSettings": [
            {
              "name": "WEBSITE_RUN_FROM_PACKAGE",
              "value": "1"
            }
          ]
        },
        "httpsOnly": "[parameters('appServiceHttpsOnly')]"
      },
      "dependsOn": [
        "[resourceId('Microsoft.Web/serverfarms', variables('appServicePlanName'))]",
        "[resourceId('microsoft.insights/components', variables('appInsightsName'))]"
      ],
      "resources": [
        {
          "apiVersion": "2015-08-01",
          "name": "Microsoft.ApplicationInsights.AzureWebSites",
          "type": "siteextensions",
          "dependsOn": [
            "[resourceId('Microsoft.Web/Sites', variables('appServiceName'))]"
          ],
          "properties": {}
        },
        {
          "name": "appsettings",
          "type": "config",
          "apiVersion": "2015-08-01",
          "dependsOn": [
            "[resourceId('Microsoft.Web/sites', variables('appServiceName'))]",
            "Microsoft.ApplicationInsights.AzureWebSites"
          ],
          "properties": {
            "APPINSIGHTS_INSTRUMENTATIONKEY": "[reference(variables('appInsightsName'), '2015-05-01').InstrumentationKey]"
          }
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "type": "Microsoft.Web/sites/config",
      "apiVersion": "2016-08-01",
      "name": "[concat(variables('appServiceName'), '/web')]",
      "location": "[parameters('deploymentLocation')]",
      "dependsOn": [
        "[resourceId('Microsoft.Web/sites', variables('appServiceName'))]"
      ],
      "tags": {
        "displayName": "app-service",
        "project": "[variables('projectName')]",
        "environment": "[parameters('environment')]"
      },
      "properties": {
        "alwaysOn": "[parameters('appServiceAlwaysOn')]"
      }
    },
    {
      "type": "Microsoft.Web/certificates",
      "name": "[variables('certificateName')]",
      "apiVersion": "2016-03-01",
      "location": "[resourceGroup().location]",
      "condition": "[equals(parameters('environment'), 'prod')]",
      "properties": {
        "keyVaultId": "[parameters('prodKeyVaultId')]",
        "keyVaultSecretName": "[parameters('prodKeyVaultSecretName')]",
        "serverFarmId": "[resourceId('Microsoft.Web/serverFarms', variables('appServicePlanName'))]"
      },
      "dependsOn": ["[concat('Microsoft.Web/sites/', variables('appServiceName')]"]
    },
    {
      "type": "Microsoft.Web/sites/hostnameBindings",
      "name": "[concat(variables('appServiceName'), '/', parameters('customHostname'))]",
      "apiVersion": "2016-03-01",
      "location": "[resourceGroup().location]",
      "condition": "[equals(parameters('environment'), 'prod')]",
      "properties": {
        "sslState": "SniEnabled",
        "thumbprint": "[reference(resourceId('Microsoft.Web/certificates', variables('certificateName'))).Thumbprint]"
      },
      "dependsOn": [
        "[concat('Microsoft.Web/certificates/', variables('certificateName'))]"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "outputs: {
    //...
  }

}

There are a few important things here you need to pay attention to. First, we have the Microsoft/certificate conditionally deployed, same as sites/hostnameBindings if we’re deploying to production. Second, note how we have a reference to the certificate in Key Vault in the certificate properties. And last, we have a reference to the certificate in the hostNameBinding in the same template.

First try

When we first tried this, we hit a permission error on the Key Vault the template was referencing. I had made sure that the Azure DevOps service principal is added into the access policy of the Key Vault and also the tick the Azure Resource Manager for template deployment checkbox to allow referencing the secret from within ARM template.

Error Failed to add App Service certificate to the app, Check error for more details. Error Details: The service does not have access to ‘/subscriptions/XXXebXXX-XXX-XXXX-XXX-XXXXX/resourcegroups/XXXXX/providers/microsoft.keyvault/vaults/xxxxxxxxvault’ Key Vault. Please make sure that you have granted necessary permissions to the service to perform the request operation.

This was really strange to me and I had no clue as to what’s missing. However, after a bit of Googling, I found out there are two service principals which belong to Microsoft and you have to add those to your Key Vault’s access policy in order to be able to link a certificate to your App Services.

Here is the kick starter template repository on GitHub which explains what needs to be done. But in short, you need to run these commands:

Login-AzureRmAccount

Set-AzureRmContext -SubscriptionId AZURE_SUBSCRIPTION_ID

Set-AzureRmKeyVaultAccessPolicy -VaultName KEY_VAULT_NAME -ServicePrincipalName f3c21649-0979-4721-ac85-b0216b2cf413 -PermissionsToSecrets get,set,delete

Set-AzureRmKeyVaultAccessPolicy -VaultName KEY_VAULT_NAME -ServicePrincipalName abfa0a7c-a6b6-4736-8310-5855508787cd -PermissionsToSecrets get

After running these commands, the error was gone and we could progress further. Note that the application ids are fixed.

Second try

Once the necessary permissions was granted, we run the deployment again to be hit with the second issue, this time I was so baffled by this error:

Error Another certificate exists with same thumbprint XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX at location xxxx in the Resource Group xxxxxx.

I wasn’t sure what’s causing the issue since I thought that since we’re reusing the same certificate, linking them wouldn’t be a problem. But when I looked at the deployments on the resource group, I found out Azure is trying to create multiple Microsoft•Web/certificates resources which will have the same thumbprint and so it fails. As Aussies say it, fair dinkum.

So I extracted the certificate resource to the parent ARM template and passed a reference of it down to linked templates:

{
  //parent ARM template
  "resources": [
    {
      "type": "Microsoft.Web/certificates",
      "name": "[parameters('prodKeyVaultSecretName')]",
      "condition": "[equals(parameters('environment'), 'prod')]",
      "apiVersion": "2016-03-01",
      "location": "[parameters('deploymentLocation')]",
      "properties": {
        "keyVaultId": "[parameters('prodKeyVaultId')]",
        "keyVaultSecretName": "[parameters('prodKeyVaultSecretName')]"
      }
    },
    //...
    {
      "apiVersion": "2017-05-10",
      "name": "web-client-app-service-linked-template",
      "type": "Microsoft.Resources/deployments",
      "metadata": {
        "comments": "Linked ARM template deploys web client app service"
      },
      "properties": {
        "mode": "Incremental",
        "templateLink": {
          "uri": "[concat('https://', parameters('artefactsStorageAccountName'),'.blob.core.windows.net/',parameters('artefactsStorageAccountContainerName'),'/client-web-app/azuredeploy.json',parameters('artefactsStorageAccountSasToken'))]",
          "contentVersion": "1.0.0.0"
        },
        "parametersLink": {
          "uri": "[concat('https://', parameters('artefactsStorageAccountName'), '.blob.core.windows.net/', parameters('artefactsStorageAccountContainerName'),'/client-web-app/azuredeploy.parameters-', parameters('environment'), '.json', parameters('artefactsStorageAccountSasToken'))]",
          "contentVersion": "1.0.0.0"
        }
      },
      "dependsOn": [
        "[resourceId('Microsoft.Web/certificates', parameters('prodKeyVaultSecretName'))]"
      ]
    },
  ]
}

And in the linked template:

{
  "resources": [
    {
      "apiVersion": "2016-08-01",
      "type": "Microsoft.Web/sites",
      "kind": "app",
      "name": "[variables('appServiceName')]",
      "tags": {
        "displayName": "app-service",
        "project": "[variables('projectName')]",
        "environment": "[parameters('environment')]"
      },
      "location": "[parameters('deploymentLocation')]",
      "properties": {
        "name": "[variables('appServiceName')]",
        "serverFarmId": "[resourceId('Microsoft.Web/serverfarms', variables('appServicePlanName'))]",
        "siteConfig": {
          "appSettings": [
            {
              "name": "WEBSITE_RUN_FROM_PACKAGE",
              "value": "1"
            }
          ]
        },
        "httpsOnly": "[parameters('appServiceHttpsOnly')]",
        "hostNameSslStates": [
          {
            "name": "[parameters('customHostname')]",
            "sslState": "SniEnabled",
            "thumbprint": "[reference(concat('Microsoft.Web/certificates/', parameters('certificateName')), '2016-03-01').Thumbprint]",
            "toUpdate": true
          }
        ]
      },
      "dependsOn": [
        "[resourceId('Microsoft.Web/serverfarms', variables('appServicePlanName'))]",
        "[resourceId('microsoft.insights/components', variables('appInsightsName'))]"
      ],
      "resources": [
        {
          "apiVersion": "2015-08-01",
          "name": "Microsoft.ApplicationInsights.AzureWebSites",
          "type": "siteextensions",
          "dependsOn": [
            "[resourceId('Microsoft.Web/Sites', variables('appServiceName'))]"
          ],
          "properties": {}
        },
        {
          "name": "appsettings",
          "type": "config",
          "apiVersion": "2015-08-01",
          "dependsOn": [
            "[resourceId('Microsoft.Web/sites', variables('appServiceName'))]",
            "Microsoft.ApplicationInsights.AzureWebSites"
          ],
          "properties": {
            "APPINSIGHTS_INSTRUMENTATIONKEY": "[reference(variables('appInsightsName'), '2015-05-01').InstrumentationKey]"
          }
        },
        {
          "type": "hostNameBindings",
          "name": "[parameters('customHostname')]",
          "condition": "[equals(parameters('environment'), 'prod')]",
          "apiVersion": "2016-08-01",
          "dependsOn": [
            "[resourceId('Microsoft.Web/sites', variables('appServiceName'))]"
          ],
          "properties": {
            "siteName": "[variables('appServiceName')]",
            "domainId": null,
            "hostNameType": "Verified"
          }
        }
      ]
    },
  ]
}

Notice the reference to the certificate resource in the hostNameSslStates property. And again we kicked off a new release to be hit with another problem.

This time it complained about a missing resource for non prod environments which was fair, as I forgot to apply the condition to the thumbprint reference.

Third try

So I applied an if condition to the thumbprint thinking it would work:

{
  "hostNameSslStates": [
    {
      "name": "[parameters('customHostname')]",
      "sslState": "SniEnabled",
      "thumbprint": "[if(equals(parameters('environment'), 'prod'), reference(concat('Microsoft.Web/certificates/', parameters('certificateName')), '2016-03-01').Thumbprint, '')]",
      "toUpdate": true
    }
  ]
}

Which failed again. This time I found out that the reference evaluation happens regardless of if statement. So I removed the hostNameSslStates altogether and used the full resource:

{
  "resources": [
    {
      "type": "hostNameBindings",
      "name": "[parameters('customHostname')]",
      "condition": "[variables('isProd')]",
      "apiVersion": "2016-08-01",
      "dependsOn": [
        "[resourceId('Microsoft.Web/sites', variables('appServiceName'))]"
      ],
      "properties": {
        "siteName": "[variables('appServiceName')]",
        "domainId": null,
        "hostNameType": "Verified",
        "sslState": "SniEnabled",
        "thumbprint": "[reference(concat('Microsoft.Web/certificates/', parameters('certificateName')), '2016-03-01').Thumbprint]"
      }
    }
  ]
}

Which failed again 😭😭😭. For the same reason as before, which was the reference to the missing resource.

Forth try

So I tried the if condition trick again this time on the thumbprint property of the hostNameBindings resource:

{
  "type": "hostNameBindings",
  "name": "[parameters('customHostname')]",
  "condition": "[variables('isProd')]",
  "apiVersion": "2016-08-01",
  "dependsOn": [
    "[resourceId('Microsoft.Web/sites', variables('appServiceName'))]"
  ],
  "properties": {
    "siteName": "[variables('appServiceName')]",
    "domainId": null,
    "hostNameType": "Verified",
    "sslState": "SniEnabled",
    "thumbprint": "[if(variables('isProd'), reference(concat('Microsoft.Web/certificates/', parameters('certificateName')), '2016-03-01').Thumbprint, '')]"
  }
}

And guess what, it was successful. OMG, I was so happy that this was working.

Summary

So if you have a wildcard certificate and you want to reuse it in multiple App Services, DO NOT create the certificate for one of those, simply create one and share it with all of them.

Here are some points which might be helpful to know:

The ARM deployment respects the conditional resource in the dependsOn section. Meaning if the resource is conditionally created, it doesn’t have any effect in the order of deployment and it won’t fail it either.
You can’t use a reference function in the variable section. Otherwise my life would’ve been much easier 😁.
When using a reference on a property, the function is evaluated regardless of the fact that you have an if condition or not (happy to be proven wrong with this one).
And last, you need to be patient when working with ARM templates 😂.

Hope this article helps someone else and saves their time. I am planning to create a template set and create a PR into kick starter repo. But don’t have any timeline as of now.

Deliver a better user experience using Vue.js Router 🛣️

Wed, 30 Oct 2019 00:00:00 GMT

Vue.js is an approachable, versatile, performant, and progressive framework to build user interfaces with. I wrote a comprehensive intro a week or so ago and promised to continue adding more each week. This week is about Vue router and how it helps deliver a better user experience.

Intro

When it comes to navigation between pages, we’ve gone through a really interesting journey. Not sure if you remember or not, every click on a link required a back and forth between client and server and that meant most times you’d lose your current state if you accidentally clicked on a link.

When people started using dynamic pages where only part of the page was loaded and not the whole page, user experience was much better and soon many websites had that by default. With this came the challenge of how to handle navigation on the browser side. Many approaches was used, but using the browser history API seems to be the winner.

Vue has its own Router which uses the same API and deeply integrates with the Vue’s core library to deliver a smooth experience for those developing Single Page Applications.

Features

Vue Router has many great features, so let’s review them:

Nested route/view mapping
Modular, component-based router configuration
Route params, query, wildcards
View transition effects powered by Vue’s transition system
Fine-grained navigation control
Links with automatic active CSS classes
HTML5 history mode or hash mode, with auto-fallback in IE9
Customizable Scroll Behaviour

We will go through each of these in details later.

Getting cstarted

Creating an application which leverages Vue Router is very easy with vue-cli.

vue create vrouter

At this point you’ll be asked to choose a preset, make sure to select the second option which says manually select features. You can press down arrow key and enter to move to the next screen.

Next you are asked to select which features you want to have for this project:

We’ll choose babel, TypeScript, Router, CSS Pre-processor, and Linter.

The next question is asking whether you want to have class style components. I just press enter since it’s not the focus of this article. Do the same for the next prompt too. Next question is asking you whether you want history mode for the router. Select yes, this will get rid of the # symbol at the end of URL and uses history.pushState to navigate without a page reload.

For the remaining questions select whatever you like 😉. Now type cd vrouter && npm run serve, you should be able to see the application compiling and once finished you can view the app at http://localhost:8080/.

Note that you have Home and About menu items at the top, click on About and you’ll be redirected to the about page.

Default config

If you open the index.ts file in the src/router folder, you will see the default configuration:

import Vue from "vue";
import VueRouter from "vue-router";
import Home from "../views/Home.vue";

Vue.use(VueRouter);

const routes = [
  {
    path: "/",
    name: "home",
    component: Home
  },
  {
    path: "/about",
    name: "about",
    // route level code-splitting
    // this generates a separate chunk (about.[hash].js) for this route
    // which is lazy-loaded when the route is visited.
    component: () =>
      import(/* webpackChunkName: "about" */ "../views/About.vue")
  }
];

const router = new VueRouter({
  mode: "history",
  base: process.env.BASE_URL,
  routes
});

export default router;

It’s very straight forward, but I want you to pay attention to two things here. First look at the way the about component is loaded. This is how Vue lazy loads the child routes. Second, check how the mode is set to history in the VueRouter constructor options. This is what you chose during setup.

Nested routes

Real life applications often have nested structure, such as all students having a profile. If you imagine a route like /student/1/profile and /student/2/profile, the profile is a nested route of the student route.

OK, now let’s add a nested route to our app. We want to add two nested routes to our about page. Assume we would have a contact page form and a find us page which will contains our address.

In order to do this, we need to:

Add a router-view tag inside our about page
Include the links which navigate to sub routes using router-link

<template>
  <div class="about">
    <h1>This is an about page</h1>    
    <div>
      <router-link to="/about/contact">Contact us</router-link>|
      <router-link to="/about/location">Our location</router-link>
    </div>
    <br/>
    <router-view></router-view>
  </div>
</template>

Note that we have nested routes here such as /about/contact. Then let’s add two components inside src/components folder, ContactForm.vue and FindUs.vue:

<!--ContactForm.vue-->
<template>
    <div>
        <form>
            <label>Name</label>
            <input type="text" name="name">

            <label>Last name</label>
            <input type="text" name="lastname">
        </form>
    </div>
</template>

And:

<!--FindUs.vue-->
<template>
    <div>
       📍 You can find us at Collins Squre, Melbourne, Australia
    </div>
</template>

At the end we need to let the router know that the about page has nested routes. This can be done using the children property of the about route. At this point feels like you’re writing Angular right 😉?

//...
import Contact from "../components/ContactForm.vue";
import Location from "../components/Location.vue";
//...
const routes = [
  {
    path: "/",
    name: "home",
    component: Home
  },
  {
    path: "/about",
    name: "about",
    component: About,
    children: [
      {
        // UserProfile will be rendered inside User's <router-view>
        // when /user/:id/profile is matched
        path: "contact",
        component: Contact
      },
      {
        // UserPosts will be rendered inside User's <router-view>
        // when /user/:id/posts is matched
        path: "location",
        component: Location
      }
    ]
  }
];

I’ve removed the extra code for brevity.

And that’s all you need to get your nested routes working. If you run the app now, you should see two links in the about page which then load the content below to one of those child components.

Dynamic routes

Often you have to map the same route with a different patterns to the same components. This can be a user profile page where you have the user id as variable such as /user/1.

This is also very easy to achieve, all you need is to change your route path from static '/user' to dynamic '/user/:id'.

//...
routes: [
  { path: '/user/:id', component: User }
]

You can access the id parameter via route params like $route.params.id. This can be used to fetch the user profile for example and show it in the page.

Not found

Most often you will need a fall back route to show a user friendly page not found page. This is again similar to what you had in Angular:

{
  // will match everything
  path: '*',
  component: PageNotFound
}

💡 Remember to put this at the end of all routes, otherwise anything below this will not work!

If you want to navigate within your code, you can use the push method of router which has the below syntax:

router.push(location, onComplete?, onAbort?)

And because you have access to router via this.$router, you can simply use it like so:

this.$router.push('about');

this.$router.push({ name: 'home' });

this.$router.push({ name: 'user', params: { userId: '123' } });

For now ignore the ones getting an object, I will explain that in a buzz.

Named routes

You can assign a name to your route, if you do this you can pass an object to router-link:

// router/index.ts
{
  path: '/student/:id',
  name: 'student',
  component: Student
}

And:

<router-link :to="{ name: 'student', params: { id: 123 }}">Student</router-link>

Note that :to is shorthand for v-bind:to, and you need this since you’re passing an object instead of string.

And programmatically:

this.$router.push({ name: 'student', params: { id: '123' } })

Redirects

If you want a particular route to be redirected elsewhere, simply add a redirect property to your route:

const router = new VueRouter({
  routes: [
    { path: '/userList', redirect: '/users' }
  ]
})

// or for a named route

const router = new VueRouter({
  routes: [
    { path: '/userList', redirect: { name: 'users' }}
  ]
})

Passing props

Coupling your component to $router.params is not a good idea. Instead of that you can set the props flag to true and you’ll have route params passed down to your component as props:

⛔ Don’t do this:

const User = {
  template: '<div>User {{ $route.params.id }}</div>'
}
const router = new VueRouter({
  routes: [
    { path: '/user/:id', component: User }
  ]
})

✅ Instead do:

const User = {
  props: ['id'],
  template: '<div>User {{ id }}</div>'
}
const router = new VueRouter({
  routes: [
    { path: '/user/:id', component: User, props: true }
  ]
})

If you have an object as props, then use the object as-is instead of setting it to true:

const router = new VueRouter({
  routes: [
    { path: '/shop', component: Shop, props: { items: [{ id: 1, name: 'Fancy pants' }] } }
  ]
})

You can use a function as well:

const router = new VueRouter({
  routes: [
    { path: '/search', component: SearchUser, props: (route) => ({ query: route.query.q }) }
  ]
})

In this case /search?q=yas will be passed as { query: 'yas' } to your component props.

Securing your app using guards

When you have an application which requires your users to login before performing certain operations, you would like to protect those pages from being seen by unauthenticated users. In this case you could use the beforeRouteUpdate lifecylce in your component:

const SecuredComponent = {
  template: `...`,
  beforeRouteEnter (to, from, next) {
    // check for logged in user
  },
  beforeRouteUpdate (to, from, next) {
    // check for logged in user
  },
  beforeRouteLeave (to, from, next) {
    // do something here
  }
}

The difference between beforeRouteEnter and beforeRouteUpdate is that you don’t have access to this in the former since the component is not initialised yet.

In terms of beforeRouteUpdate, if you have dynamic route or nested routes, the same component instance will be used when the route is updated.

And beforeRouteLeave is good if you want to clean up something or clear user sessions and cookies. You still have access to this in this method.

Apart from lifecycle methods, you can use a global route guard by using router.beforeEach:

const router = new VueRouter({ ... })

router.beforeEach((to: Route, from: Route, next: Function) => {
  // implement your logic here
})

Just note that this will be called for all routes regardless of whether they’re public or not. You can have multiple guards and they will be called in order. As for parameters to these:

to: is the target route.
from: is the origin route.
next: is a function which should be called to resolve the hook which keeps the navigation in pending state. If you forget to call this function, your route never resoles although your user is authenticated.

For the next function you can have no parameters which means go to next hook, or pass false to it like next(false) which means abort the current operation. If you want to direct the user to a completely different route, you can add the route as parameter like next('/') or next({ path: '/' }).

Meta fields

You can add meta fields to your route. If you’re wondering why you need meta fields, they’re good for a couple of reasons, but the most obvious one is to tag secure routes to be able to protect then by your global guards:

const router = new VueRoute({
  routes: [
    {
      path: 'profile',
      component: Profile,
      // a meta field
      meta: { requiresAuth: true }
    }
  ]
})

And in your guard:

router.beforeEach((to, from, next) => {
  if (to.matched.some(record => record.meta.requiresAuth)) {
    // this route requires auth, check if logged in
    // if not, redirect to login page.
    if (!auth.loggedIn()) {
      next({
        path: '/login',
        query: { redirect: to.fullPath }
      })
    } else {
      next()
    }
  } else {
    next() // make sure to always call next()!
  }
})

Named views

Sometimes you might want to load multiple views in the same page, such as a navbar, a sidebar, main section, etc. In this case you can use router-view to load multiple views instead of nesting them:

<router-view class="view sidebar"></router-view>
<router-view class="view main" name="m"></router-view>
<router-view class="view article" name="a"></router-view>

And in your router:

const router = new VueRouter({
  routes: [
    {
      path: '/',
      components: {
        default: Sidebar,
        a: Article,
        m: Main
      }
    }
  ]
})

Note that we used compoentn(s) instead of component, which is critical in order to load multiple components.

Summary

There are so much more you could learn around Vue router, and I highly suggest you check their official documentation if you’re keen to learn more.

I will be doing more articles around Vue.js as I explore different areas, so watch this space. Next articles would be state management and form handling which are necessary in most enterprise applications.

Hope you’ve enjoyed the read, and if so please spread the word.

A comprehensive intro to Vue.js 🔥🚀

Fri, 18 Oct 2019 00:00:00 GMT

Vue.js is an approachable, versatile, performant, and progressive framework to build user interfaces with. This core library is focused on building the view layer only. It uses the goodies of Angular (such as template syntax) and React (such as Virtual DOM) and adds a few more enhancements on top.

Intro

There are many articles out there, but I thought to write this up since it follows my logic of around learning a new framework/library. Vue got popular very quick because it adapts to the needs of developers. Another bonus point of it is that migrating to it is really easy. You just need to add a script tag to your page and you’re good to go.

You don’t even need to know what is a bundler like webpack, or an advanced compiler like babel or use a package manager like npm to get started with Vue.

It does have a CLI though which can help you build a fully fledged SPA with a variety of configuration options, including Babel, TypeScript, ESLint, PostCSS, PWA, Unit testing and end-to-end testing.

The best thing about its CLI is that you don’t need to eject like create-react-app to be able to customise your configuration.

Get started

OK, enough talking, let’s get started on our first Vue application. I will start with a simplest approach. Let’s create a simple HTML page:

<html>

<body>
    <div id="my-vue-app">
        <p>{{ hello }}</p>
    </div>
    <script src="https://unpkg.com/vue"></script>
    <script>
      new Vue({
        el: '#my-vue-app',
        data: {
          hello: 'Hello World!'
        }
      })
    </script>
</body>

</html>

And believe it or not, that’s all you need to have your first Vue app up and running. Now let’s break this down and see what’s happening.

The first thing you see is a paragraph which has a template reference to a variable called hello, like Angular. This means that the value gets replaced by Vue. Then we import the script from UNPKG which is a CDN (content delivery network) on top of npm.

Then we in the second script tag, we create a new instance of Vue and tell it to use a DOM element with id of #my-vue-app. Vue will have control over this element and its children. Last we specify a data object with a hello property. Vue will replace this variable in the template for us. So you should see a page with Hello World! when you open this file in a browser.

Notice we didn’t use this.data.hello to access the variable, that’s because Vue will automatically make every property of data accessible like a high level variable.

You can see this example live in this CodePen 👇🏼:

See the Pen vue-hello-world by Yaser Adel Mehraban (@yashints) on CodePen.

Using CLI

Now not all the applications are as simple as our hello world, so we need to get to know the Vue CLI which helps up build a complete application from scratch. Open the terminal in your VS Code, navigate to a folder of your choice and run this command:

npx @vue/cli create my-cli-app

Alternatively you can install it globally:

npm i -g @vue/cli

vue create create my-cli-app

When you run the command, you will be prompted to choose a preset. You can choose default which is based on Babel and ESList, or go custom in which case you have more freedom to choose from, like TypeScript, CSS pre-processor, etc.

Since the point of this intro is on Vue itself, I won’t delve into details of CLI, please visit their official website for more info on how to use CLI.

When the creation of the new application is finished, you will end up with a folder structure like this:

You don’t need to pay attention to all those files, suffice to know that index.html contains the div for Vue to handle, src/main.ts is where Vue is instantiated, and src/App.vue is a single file components (I will explain this later) which contains our default components.

Single File Component: Single File Component is a file which contains everything a Vue component needs, HTML, CSS and JavaScript. You can even scope the style to the component to prevent any unwanted styling clash with other components. In a way it’s similar to what you’ll have with Shadow DOM.

If you have a look at the script tag in the App.vue file, you’ll it’s just defining a component which contains another component, HelloWorld referenced from another file. Hello world component is another single file component which has one props passed on to it which gets displayed in the template.

I will not go any further than this at this point, but you get the idea.

To run the app, simply open the type npm run serve. You should see a page like this:

Vue root component

For now it’s enough about how to get started, let’s deep dive into Vue’s building blocks. We should start with its root instance.

new Vue({ 
  el: '#vue-app',
  data: {
    name: 'Yaser'    
  },
  computed: {
    fullName: function() {
      return this.name + 'Adel';
    }
  },
  watch: {
    name: function(oldVal, newVal) {
      console.log(`Name changed from ${oldVal} to ${newVal}`)
    }
  },
  methods: {
    nickName: function() {
      return this.name === 'Yaser' ? 'Yashints' : 'NA';
    }
  },
  created: function() {
    console.log(`${this.name}`);
  }
  ...
})

OK, there is a lot going on here, so let’s break them down one by one.

el

This is the id selector of the element we want Vue to use.

data

This object contains any property you want to maintain in your application. You can get their values in the template, by just using the property name. This just works because Vue will automatically make all of the properties accessible at high level this context.

computed

Sometimes you end up having too much logic in your template, take this fictional example:

<div id="my-component">
  {{ name.split('').reverse().join('') }}
</div>

In this case when you run the app you will see resaY, but having those function calls in the template is not a good practice. You can create a computed property to handle all these logics elsewhere outside of your templates.

var vm = new Vue({
  el: '#my-component',
  data: {
    name: 'Yaser'
  },
  computed: {
    // a computed getter
    reversedName: function () {
      // `this` points to the vm instance
      return this.name.split('').reverse().join('')
    }
  }
})

and in your template, you would just have:

<div id="my-component">
  {{ reversedName }}
</div>

Be careful with computed properties, these are cached based on the value of the their dependency, which means it will only gets re-evaluated if the value is changed.

This means the following code will not return what you think:

computed: {
  now: function () {
    return Date.now()
  }
}

That’s because Date.now() is not a reactive dependency.

methods

Methods are simple functions which give you ability to handle events like clicks and input changes. In addition to those, you can use them for many other purposes as well, but the main use case is event handling.

You might say we could implement the previous computed property using a method:

<div id="my-component">
  {{ reversedName() }}
</div>

methods: {
  reverseName: function () {
    return this.name.split('').reverse().join('')
  }
}

The end result would be exactly the same, however, the difference is that computed properties are cached based on their corresponding dependency. It means that a computed property only gets re-evaluated when the dependency changes, whereas the method will be called regardless.

Methods are ideal to handle events:

<div id="app">
  <button @click="sayhi">Hi</button>
  <p>{{ message }}</p>
</div>

And your component will have:

new Vue({
  el: '#app',
  data() {
    return {
      message: null
    }
  },
  methods: {
    sayhi() {
      this.message = 'Hey you!'
    }
  }
})

What you haven’t seen so far is the @click directive. I will go through directives later in this article, but this is a shorthand for v-on:click.

Lifecycle hooks

The created function I defined in the above snippet is just one of many lifecycle hooks you can have access to when working with Vue. Think of these as steps each component has to go through when it’s instantiated. Things like data observation, compiling the template, mount the instance to the DOM, update the DOM when data changes, and more.

For example, the created hook can be used to run a piece of code when the instance is created.

💡 Notice I haven’t used arrow functions with any of my examples so far. That’s because if you use them you lose your access to the component’s context, or this. If you happened to face an error like Uncaught TypeError: Cannot read property of undefined, or Uncaught TypeError: this.myMethod is not a function, it’s because you’ve used an arrow function.

You can see the full list of available hooks in the official documentation.

Vue components

As you saw earlier, Vue lets you define components and reuse them much like React does. However, you should know that all of those are reusable instances of the Vue itself.

You can use the component method of Vue to define a component:

Vue.component('my-name', { /* options */ })

Since every component is an instance of Vue, you can use all of the above properties except for el.

The first argument is the name of the component, which you will use in your template to add this component to your page.

Refer to the W3C rules to find out what naming structure you should use to prevent conflicts with current and future HTML elements.

When you use Vue.component method, you’re creating global components, which can be used in the template of any root Vue instance.

Local components

Sometimes you want to have a component which is only accessible within a certain area of your application (for isolation purposes). In this case you could use a local component:

var ComponentA = { /* `... */ }`

And then:

new Vue({
  el: '#app',
  components: {
    'component-a': ComponentA
  }
})

You can have as many local components as you want. The key of each property is the component’s name, and the value will be the options object for that component.

💡 Local components are not available in sub-components. But you can make them available by adding them to sub-components explicitly.

If you want to make a local component available in a sub-component, just add them explicitly:

var ComponentA = { /* `... */ }`

var ComponentB = {
  components: {
    'component-a': ComponentA
  },
  // ...
}

Props

Like other frameworks, Vue supports passing props to a component to enable a one way communication from parent to child.

Vue.component('search', {
  // camelCase in JavaScript
  props: ['searchTerm'],
  template: `
    <span>{{ searchTerm }}</span>
    <div>
      ...
    </div>
  `
})

<search search-term="javascript"></search>

Note that HTML attributes are case-insensitive, this browsers will treat any upper case character as lowercase. So if you’re using camelCased prop names, you need to use their kebab-cased equivalents like above.

You can also pass multiple props:

props: ['searchTerm', 'filter', 'sortOrder']

If you’re using TypeScript, you may want to define the type of each prop, in which case you can use an object instead of an array, where the key is the prop name and the value would be the type:

props: {
  searchTerm: String,
  filter: Number,
  sortOrder: Boolean,
}

You can use non primitive types such as Array, Object, Function, Promise, etc.

Single file component

Alright, it’s time to see what are single file components. As I mentioned earlier, they contain everything a component needs:

// component.vue

<template>
  <p>{{ greeting }} World!</p>
</template>

<script>
module.exports = {
  data: function () {
    return {
      greeting: 'Hello'
    }
  }
}
</script>

<style scoped>
p {
  font-size: 2em;
  text-align: center;
}
</style>

The most important benefits of using single file components are:

Complete syntax highlighting (you will need an extension like Vetur for VS Code)
CommonJS modules, which means you can import your components into other components using require
Component scoped CSS

You can also use ES6 modules with Bug, and Babel which you can get setup using the CLI:

<template>
  <p>{{ greeting }} World!</p>
</template>


<script>
import OtherComponent from './OtherComponent.vue'
export default {
  components: {
    OtherComponent
  },
  data () {
    return {
      greeting: 'Hello'
    }
  }
}
</script>

<style scoped>
p {
  font-size: 2em;
  text-align: center;
}
</style>

Templates

So far we’ve just gone through the Vue instance and components. But one of the most important parts of any component is its template. Vue uses interpolations for data binding similar to Angular syntax.

<p>Message: {{ msg }}</p>

The value of the msg variable from the data object gets replaced at run time.

If you want the perform the interpolation just once, use v-once directive (we will review the directives shortly):

<p v-once>Message: {{ msg }}</p>

In this case if you change the value of the msg later, the template won’t change.

Raw HTML

If you want to render raw HTML, you might know that using it in normal interpolation is not recommended mostly because of security reasons. In Angular you would use innerHTML attribute and secure it with a pipe with DomSanitizer. In React you would use <div dangerouslySetInnerHTML={createMarkup()} />. In Vue it’s really simple using v-html directive:

<p>Using v-html directive: <span v-html="rawHtml"></span></p>

Attributes

You can’t use interpolation inside HTML attributes, instead you need to use the v-bind directive:

<div v-bind:name="dynamicName"></div>

💡 If you’re using v-bind with boolean attributes like disabled, v-bind will not include the attribute if the value is null, undefined, or false.

JS expressions

You can use expressions inside data bindings:

<div>{{ number + 1 }}</div>

<div>{{ ok ? 'YES' : 'NO' }}</div>

<div>{{ message.split('').reverse().join('') }}</div>

<div v-bind:id="'list-' + id"></div>

As I mentioned earlier, don’t use too much logic in your templates, instead use methods or computed properties.

Directives

We saw a couple of directives so far, but Vue offers way more. Directives start with v-, but some of the most used ones have short hands like @click which we saw earlier. Almost all directives’ values are expected to be a single JavaScript expression except v-for.

<p v-if="error">📛 Something horrible happened!</p>

Arguments

Some directives take arguments, these are used with a colon after the name:

<a v-bind:href="url"> ... </a>

You can even use a dynamic expression as an argument to a directive. But this was only introduced in v2.6.0.

<a v-bind:[attributeName]="url"> ... </a>

Modifiers

Modifiers are postfixes which come after a directive name separated by a dot.

<form v-on:submit.prevent="onSubmit"> ... </form>

In above code snippet, .prevent is a modifier and will cause preventDefault() to be called on submit event.

CSS class and style binding

In some scenarios, you want to manipulate the class list of an HTML element, or add some inline style to them. You can use v-bind to do so.

<div v-bind:class="{ active: isActive }"></div>

You can also add multiple classes at the same time:

<div
  class="message"
  v-bind:class="{ active: isActive, 'text-danger': hasError }">
</div>

You can use an object instead of using inline expressions:

<div v-bind:class="classObject"></div>

And:

data: {
  classObject: {
    active: true,
    'text-danger': false
  }
}

For inline styles, a similar approach can be used, but instead of class, you will use style:

<div v-bind:style="{ color: activeColor, fontSize: fontSize + 'px' }"></div>

You can use object as well same as the previous example.

Conditional rendering

We used v-if in one of the previous examples. The HTML block will only get rendered if the expression returns truthy:

<h1 v-if="awesome">Vue is awesome!</h1>

But more importantly you can use an else block using v-else:

<h1 v-if="awesome">Vue is awesome!</h1>
<h1 v-else>Oh no 😢</h1>

If you want to use v-if on multiple elements which are not nested, you can use template element:

<template v-if="ok">
  <h1>Title</h1>
  <p>Paragraph 1</p>
  <p>Paragraph 2</p>
</template>

From version 2.1.0+ you can use a v-else-if directive to change a couple of conditions:

<div v-if="type === 'A'">
  A
</div>
<div v-else-if="type === 'B'">
  B
</div>
<div v-else-if="type === 'C'">
  C
</div>
<div v-else>
  Not A/B/C
</div>

v-if is not the only conditional directive in Vue, you can use a v-show as well:

<h1 v-show="ok">Hello!</h1>

The difference is exactly like their Angular counterpart, v-show will always render the element and plays with the display property.

Input binding

You can use v-model to create a two way data biding with an input, textarea, or select element:

<input v-model="message" placeholder="edit me">

For textarea you can use normal interpolation, you have to use v-model instead:

❌ This won’t work:

<textarea>{{text}}</textarea>

✔️ Instead:

<textarea v-model="message" placeholder="add multiple lines"></textarea>

Note that v-model will ignore the initial value, checked, and selected attributes you may put on your elements. So use the properties on data object to initialise those.

<input type="checkbox" id="checkbox" v-model="checked">

And:

//...
data: {
  checked: true
}

For multiple check boxes you can use an array:

<div id='example-3'>
  <input type="checkbox" id="jack" value="Jack" v-model="checkedNames">
  <label for="jack">Jack</label>
  <input type="checkbox" id="john" value="John" v-model="checkedNames">
  <label for="john">John</label>
  <input type="checkbox" id="mike" value="Mike" v-model="checkedNames">
  <label for="mike">Mike</label>
  <br>
  <span>Checked names: {{ checkedNames }}</span>
</div>

And:

new Vue({
  el: '#example-3',
  data: {
    checkedNames: []
  }
})

For select, you can either use a single property (single select), or an array (multi select).

<select v-model="selected">
  <option disabled value="">Please select one</option>
  <option>A</option>
  <option>B</option>
  <option>C</option>
</select>

For array:

<select v-model="selected" multiple>
  <option>A</option>
  <option>B</option>
  <option>C</option>
</select>

And:

//...
data: {
  selected: []
}

And lastly, you can use v-for if you want to render custom options.

<select v-model="selected">
  <option v-for="option in options" v-bind:value="option.value">
    {{ option.text }}
  </option>
</select>

Rendering lists

You can use v-for directive to render a list of elements. The syntax is item in items where items is an array and item is the alias for each entry in the array:

<ul class="navbar">
  <li v-for="item in items">
    <a v-bind:href="item.href" >{{item.title}}</a>
  </li>
</ul>

You can event loop through an objects properties using v-for:

<ul id="v-for-object" class="demo">
  <li v-for="value in object">
    {{ value }}
  </li>
</ul>

And in your component:

new Vue({
  el: '#v-for-object',
  data: {
    object: {
      title: 'How to do lists in Vue',
      author: 'Jane Doe',
      publishedAt: '2016-04-10'
    }
  }
})

💡 Vue has a different way of handling updates in lists, when the array gets updated, Vue uses an in-place patch approach. This means instead of moving DOM nodes, Vue will update the items to reflects what should be rendered in place. Because of this, if you’re relying on form input values, or child component state, you need to provide a unique key using v-bind:key similar to trackBy in Angular.

Event handling

Now that we’ve seen the use of directives, it’s time to talk about event handling. This is the last section of this intro 😉.

You can use v-on to handle events that are happening on your elements.

<button v-on:click="counter += 1">Add 1</button>

You can also use methods for handling events:

<button v-on:click="greet">Greet</button>

And:

methods: {
  greet: function (event) {
    // `this` inside methods points to the Vue instance
    alert('Hello ' + this.name + '!')
    // `event` is the native DOM event
    if (event) {
      alert(event.target.tagName)
    }
  }
}

If you need to access the original event, simply use $event and pass it to the method:

<button v-on:click="warn('Form cannot be submitted yet.', $event)">
  Submit
</button>

And:

// ...
methods: {
  warn: function (message, event) {
    // now we have access to the native event
    if (event) event.preventDefault()
    alert(message)
  }
}

I mentioned modifiers briefly before. Below is the list of modifiers you can use:

.stop
.prevent
.capture
.self
.once
.passive

But this is outside of scope of this intro. You can find our more here.

Summary

And that’s all you need to know to get started with Vue. There are way more topics than I mentioned here, but I believe you need to start small and as you go on, move towards more advanced scenarios. I will promise I will go through some of those advanced topics like Router, state management, form handling, animation, etc later, so stay tuned.

React hooks you should know about 🔥

Sun, 06 Oct 2019 00:00:00 GMT

React Hooks are somewhat a new addition to React. They allow you to use React features without the need to use a class. But I am not going to go through an introduction in this post, there are many great into posts out there. This post shows you eight hooks and what you can achieve with them.

`react-use-form-state` hook

Forms are a very common pattern when it comes to getting information from users. From small to large forms, they all have their own state we have to manage, whether it’s for validation or to populate another input based on previous selection.

This hook is a handy tool which allows you simplify managing form’s state using the native HTML input fields.

You can install it with:

npm i react-use-form-state

And a simple usage:

import { useFormState } from 'react-use-form-state';
 
export default function SignUpForm({ onSubmit }) {
  const [formState, { text, email, password, radio }] = useFormState();
 
  function handleSubmit(e) {
    // ...
  }
 
  return (
    <form onSubmit={handleSubmit}>
      <input {...text('name')} />
      <input {...email('email')} required />
      <input {...password('password')} required minLength="8" />
      <input {...radio('plan', 'free')} />
      <input {...radio('plan', 'premium')} />
    </form>
  );
}

With this you get a json structure like this:

{
  values: {
    name: 'Mary Poppins',
    email: 'mary@example.com',
    password: '1234',
    plan: 'free',
  },
  touched: {
    name: true,
    email: true,
    password: true,
    plan: true,
  },
  validity: {
    name: true,
    email: true,
    password: false,
    plan: true,
  },
  errors: {
    password: 'Please lengthen this text to 8 characters or more',
  },
  clear: Function,
  clearField: Function,
  reset: Function,
  resetField: Function,
  setField: Function,
}

It also allow you to initialise it via initialState object, a wide variety of on form event handlers, advanced input options, custom input validation, custom controls and much more. Definitely check their GitHub Repo for more information.

`use-media`

This tiny hook is really handy if you’re trying to deliver a responsive user experience. It tracks the state of a CSS media query and lets you act on that.

With useEffect:

import useMedia from 'use-media';
// Alternatively, you can import as:
// import {useMedia} from 'use-media';

const Demo = () => {
  // Accepts an object of features to test
  const isWide = useMedia({minWidth: 1000});
  // Or a regular media query string
  const reduceMotion = useMedia('(prefers-reduced-motion: reduce)');

  return (
    <div>
      Screen is wide: {isWide ? '😃' : '😢'}
    </div>
  );
};

With useLayoutEffect:

import {useMediaLayout} from 'use-media';

const Demo = () => {
  // Accepts an object of features to test
  const isWide = useMediaLayout({minWidth: 1000});
  // Or a regular media query string
  const reduceMotion = useMediaLayout('(prefers-reduced-motion: reduce)');

  return (
    <div>
      Screen is wide: {isWide ? '😃' : '😢'}
    </div>
  );
};

For more information about this nifty little hook, visit this GitHub repo.

`react-firebase-hooks`

I don’t have to tell you how great firebase is, but what if you could use a set of hooks to easily integrate with it? It’s got 4 set of hooks for you to use:

Usage:

import { useAuthState } from 'react-firebase-hooks/auth';

const CurrentUser = () => {
  const [user, initialising, error] = useAuthState(firebase.auth());
  const login = () => {
    firebase.auth().signInWithEmailAndPassword('test@test.com', 'password');
  };
  const logout = () => {
    firebase.auth().signOut();
  };

  if (initialising) {
    return (
      <div>
        <p>Initialising User...</p>
      </div>
    );
  }
  if (error) {
    return (
      <div>
        <p>Error: {error}</p>
      </div>
    );
  }
  if (user) {
    return (
      <div>
        <p>Current User: {user.email}</p>
        <button onClick={logout}>Log out</button>
      </div>
    );
  }
  return <button onClick={login}>Log in</button>;
};

Of course you don’t hard code your username and password right? 😁

Find out more here.

`use-onClickOutside` hook

Many times has happened for me to need to be aware of when the user clicks outside of an element. This might be to change something or perform an action. This little hook allows you to do exactly that:

import * as React from 'react'
import useOnClickOutside from 'use-onclickoutside'

export default function Modal({ close }) {
  const ref = React.useRef(null)
  useOnClickOutside(ref, close)

  return <div ref={ref}>{'Modal content'}</div>
}

As you can see, you can provide a ref to an element and pass it to the hook. If there is a click anywhere outside of the element, the the call-back function, in this case close is called.

Find out more about this hook in this GitHub repo.

`useIntersectionObserver` hook

You might remember I did a post on image optimisation and how IntersectionObserver API is a handy tool to load an image lazily when it appears on viewport.

This hook allows you to use this great API:

import React, { useRef, useState } from "react";
import { useIntersectionObserver } from "react-hook-intersection-observer";

const App = () => {
  const root = useRef();    // We need a ref to our "root" or our parent,
  const target = useRef();  // We need a ref to our "target" or our child-to-watch,

  // Let's use a bit of state.
  const [isThingIntersecting, setThingIntersecting] = useState(false);

  // Here's our hook! Let's give it some configuration...
  useIntersectionObserver({
    root,
    target,

    // What do we do when it intersects?
    // The signature of this callback is (collectionOfIntersections, observerElement).
    onIntersect: ([{ isIntersecting }]) => setThingIntersecting(isIntersecting)
  });

  return (
    <div className="App">
      <h1>useIntersectionObserver</h1>
      <h2>
        The thing is currently{" "}

        {!isThingIntersecting && <span style={{ color: "red" }}>not</span>}{" "}

        <span style={{ color: isThingIntersecting ? "green" : "black" }}>
          intersecting
        </span>

        !
      </h2>


      <div ref={root} className="black-box">
        <div className="larger-box">
          <div ref={target}>THE THING</div>
        </div>
      </div>
    </div>
  );
};

To find out more, have a look at this GitHub repo.

react use collection

This is a collection of some great hooks you can use in categories like Sensors, UI, Animations, Side-effects, Lifecycles, and State.

An example is useLocation which gives you the ability to access the location of the browser.

import {useLocation} from 'react-use';

const Demo = () => {
  const state = useLocation();

  return (
    <pre>
      {JSON.stringify(state, null, 2)}
    </pre>
  );
};

If you’re using Internet Explorer (but why 😂), you can use this polyfill.

Or you can use useBattery to track the battery status on a mobile device:

import {useBattery} from 'react-use';

const Demo = () => {
  const batteryState = useBattery();

  if (!batteryState.isSupported) {
    return (
      <div>
        <strong>Battery sensor</strong>: <span>not supported</span>
      </div>
    );
  }

  if (!batteryState.fetched) {
    return (
      <div>
        <strong>Battery sensor</strong>: <span>supported</span> <br />
        <strong>Battery state</strong>: <span>fetching</span>
      </div>
    );
  }

  return (
    <div>
      <strong>Battery sensor</strong>:&nbsp;&nbsp; <span>supported</span> <br />
      <strong>Battery state</strong>: <span>fetched</span> <br />
      <strong>Charge level</strong>:&nbsp;&nbsp; <span>{ (batteryState.level * 100).toFixed(0) }%</span> <br />
      <strong>Charging</strong>:&nbsp;&nbsp; <span>{ batteryState.charging ? 'yes' : 'no' }</span> <br />
      <strong>Charging time</strong>:&nbsp;&nbsp;
      <span>{ batteryState.chargingTime ? batteryState.chargingTime : 'finished' }</span> <br />
      <strong>Discharging time</strong>:&nbsp;&nbsp; <span>{ batteryState.dischargingTime }</span>
    </div>
  );
};

To find out about all of those, check this GitHub repo.

React Redux hooks

React Redux now offers a set of hook APIs as an alternative to the existing connect() Higher Order Component. These APIs allow you to subscribe to the Redux store and dispatch actions, without having to wrap your components in connect().

Here is the useSelector hook returns a part of all of store using a selector function.

import React from 'react'
import { useSelector } from 'react-redux'

export const CounterComponent = () => {
  const counter = useSelector(state => state.counter)
  return <div>{counter}</div>
}

Checkout their comprehensive documentation to find out more.

react-hanger

A set of helpful hooks with focus on primitive types state changing. They have two version, but the recommendation is to use V2.

Install:

yarn add react-hanger

Usage:

import React, { Component } from "react";

import {
  useInput,
  useBoolean,
  useNumber,
  useArray,
  useOnMount,
  useOnUnmount
} from "react-hanger";

const App = () => {
  const newTodo = useInput("");
  const showCounter = useBoolean(true);
  const limitedNumber = useNumber(3, { lowerLimit: 0, upperLimit: 5 });
  const counter = useNumber(0);
  const todos = useArray(["hi there", "sup", "world"]);

  const rotatingNumber = useNumber(0, {
    lowerLimit: 0,
    upperLimit: 4,
    loop: true
  });

  return (
    <div>
      <button onClick={showCounter.toggle}> toggle counter </button>
      <button onClick={() => counter.increase()}> increase </button>
      {showCounter.value && <span> {counter.value} </span>}
      <button onClick={() => counter.decrease()}> decrease </button>
      <button onClick={todos.clear}> clear todos </button>
      <input type="text" value={newTodo.value} onChange={newTodo.onChange} />
    </div>
  );
};

You can play with these in this CodeSandbox.

Check this GitHub repo for more information.

Summary

I was surprised to find out how many hooks have already being developed by the community to be honest. There are so many and I can’t go through all of them here. But if you’re hungry for more, check this gem I found which has a collection of tools, hooks, tutorials, videos, podcasts, and more.

Send performance metrics from client side with Navigation Timing API ⚡

Sun, 29 Sep 2019 00:00:00 GMT

Everybody likes a fast loading web page. In fact, Google has an entire section dedicated to performance and how companies are moving towards a faster web. Wouldn’t it be good if we could measure some critical metrics like page load time in our production environment and constantly monitor them to find out where can be improved?

Navigation Timing API is a JavaScript API which can be used to accurately measure performance on the client side. This data can then be transmitted to server side to allow real time monitoring of performance metrics.

The API provides a simple way to natively get accurate and detailed timing statistics for page navigation and load events. Metrics such as page load time, amount of time needed to unload the previous page, how long domain lookups take and so on can be measured by this API.

How to use it?

This API has two interfaces, Performance and PerformanceNavigationTiming. The window.performance property returns a Performance interface which is defined by High Resolution API, plus two additional properties:

timing: data for navigation and page load events.
navigation: how the user navigated to the page.

You can try this API in the browser’s console (pressing Ctrl+Shift+J for Chrome on Windows or CMD+Option+J for Mac users):

> performance

And you will see an object like this:

Better alternative to `Date` object

Historically, we’ve used Date object for timing metrics like:

let start = Date.now();

And at the end of the page:

console.log(`It took: ${Date.now() - start} ms for the page to load!`);

However, this is very inefficient because of a couple of reasons. First, the timing code is on the page which takes time itself and affects performance. Besides, you should know that JavaScript time is not accurate. Furthermore, it wouldn’t be close to what users experienced it, and worst of all, you can’t use Date object, to measure network latency before the page started loading.

If you think of events which happen before the page even begins to load such as DNS resolution, redirects and server response time, technically you can’t measure these by inline code since your code hasn’t arrived yet.

Each of the properties of of performance.timing shows the time of navigation events such as when the page was requested 👉🏼 requestStart or page load events such as when the DOM began loading 👉🏼 domLoading in milliseconds since the midnight of Jan 1, 1970 UTC.

💡 A zero value means that the event didn’t occur. Events such as redirectStart or secureConnectionStart might not happen at all.

For more information on these events, you can have a look at the W3C Recommendation.

You can see the order of these events from the picture below from the above document:

Some use cases

Now let’s have a look at how we can calculate some metrics using these useful properties.

Total page load time

In order to calculate the total page load time, you can use the loadEventEnd and navigationStart properties:

const perfObj = window.performance.timing;

let pageLoadTime = perfObj.loadEventEnd - perfObj.navigationStart;

Page render time

To calculate the total time taken to render the page, simply use domComplete and domLoading properties:

const perfObj = window.performance.timing;

let renderTime = perfObj.domComplete - perfObj.domLoading;

Request response time

To calculate the time between beginning of the request to the end of response retrieval, you can use:

const perfObj = window.performance.timing;

let renderTime = perfObj.responseEnd - perfObj.requestStart;

Network latency

If you want to measure network latency:

const perfObj = window.performance.timing;

let renderTime = perfObj.responseEnd - perfObj.fetchStart;

To have the sum of navigation and page load time:

const perfObj = window.performance.timing;

let renderTime = perfObj.loadEventEnd - perfObj.navigationStart;

Pinpoint redirect problems

To find out about any issue in redirects:

const perfObj = window.performance.timing;

let renderTime = perfObj.redirectEnd - perfObj.redirectStart;

`navigation` property

There are many ways to end up on a page. If you want to know how your user ended up on your page, or how many redirects they’ve had before landing there, this property is your friend. performance.navigation has two properties:

redirectCount: the number of times the document request was redirected.
type: type of the navigation which lead to this page.

The type property is an enum which can have three values:

0: action by the user such as clicking a link or entering a URL in the browser address bar.
1: page reload.
2: navigation through going back and forth from history of the browser.

Summary

We saw how we can use the Navigation Timing API to get performance metrics on client side which can be sent to server to monitor performance of users in real time regardless of where they are and how they got there. This API is really powerful and has helped me a lot to help customers find out where they need to focus their energy to improve performance on which pages 😍.

Hope this has been helpful and till next time, au revoir 👋.

Page Visibility API, let's help users save their battery life 😀

Sun, 22 Sep 2019 00:00:00 GMT

Are you want of those people with 200 tabs open? Are you tired of carrying your laptop charger with you all the time? Well, I am here to let you know we can help users save battery, data, and time, if we know how to use the Page Visibility API.

The why

Imagine your user has a few tabs open, one running a heavy animation, the other getting a lot of data from the server, and another running a video from YouTube. These all require resources from user’s computer and that’s why sometimes having a few tabs open you suddenly realise you’re running out of battery, or your data allowance is finishing.

💡 What if you could pause the current operation on a tab/window if the user isn’t looking at it?

With Page Visibility API, you can do that.

Page Visibility API

This API allows a developer to become aware if the user has lost focus on the page, or has returned to it again. When the user minimises, or switches to another tab/window, the API sends a visibilitychange event to let the listeners know the state of the page.

Page Visibility API is a very useful tool in your toolbox which gives you the power to not perform unnecessary operations when the page is not visible to user.

This API adds the following properties to the Document interface:

hidden: which is a read-only attribute and returns true if the page is in a state to be considered hidden to user.
visibilityState: which is a DOMString indicating the document’s current visibility state. It can have four values, visible, hidden, prerender, and unloaded.

You can also listen to the visibilitychange event which will trigger your callback function whenever the visibility changes:

function handleVisibilityChange () {
    if (document.hidden) {
        // stop that task 🛑
    } else {
        // you can start it again go ▶️
    }
}

document.addEventListener('visibilitychange', handleVisibilityChange, false);

`visibilityState`

As mentioned before, this property can have four different values each of which representing a different tab/window state:

visible: This means the tab/window is visible or partially so. In other words, it means the page is the foreground tab of a non-minimised window.
hidden: Page is not visible due to being minimised or the device’s screen is off.
prerender: The page is now being prerendered and is not visible to user.
unloaded: This means the user is about to close the current page.

⚠️ You need to know that not all browsers support the last two states.

Demo

The simplest scenario is playing video on the page, so we will be using that as an example. Let’s use a simple video element on the page which will be paused when the user focuses on another tab.

<body>
    <h1>Demo: Page Visibility API</h1>
    
    <main>
        <video id="videoElement" 
               poster="http://media.w3.org/2010/05/sintel/poster.png" width="400"
               controls="" >
           <source id='mp4' src="http://media.w3.org/2010/05/sintel/trailer.mp4" type='video/mp4'/>
        <source id='webm' src="http://media.w3.org/2010/05/sintel/trailer.webm" type='video/webm'/>
        <source id='ogv' src="http://media.w3.org/2010/05/sintel/trailer.ogv" type='video/ogg'/>
            <p>Sorry, there's a problem playing this video. Please try using a different browser</p>
        </video>
    </main>
    
    
    <script>    

    (function() {
        'use strict';
        
        // Set the name of the "hidden" property and the change event for visibility
        var hidden, visibilityChange; 
        if (typeof document.hidden !== "undefined") {
          hidden = "hidden";
          visibilityChange = "visibilitychange";
        } else if (typeof document.mozHidden !== "undefined") { // Firefox up to v17
          hidden = "mozHidden";
          visibilityChange = "mozvisibilitychange";
        } else if (typeof document.webkitHidden !== "undefined") { // Chrome up to v32, Android up to v4.4, Blackberry up to v10
          hidden = "webkitHidden";
          visibilityChange = "webkitvisibilitychange";
        }
        
        var videoElement = document.getElementById("videoElement");

        // If the page is hidden, pause the video;
        // if the page is shown, play the video
        function handleVisibilityChange() {
          if (document[hidden]) {
            videoElement.pause();
          } else {
            videoElement.play();
          }
        }

        // Warn if the browser doesn't support addEventListener or the Page Visibility API
        if (typeof document.addEventListener === "undefined" || typeof document[hidden] === "undefined") {
          alert("This demo requires a modern browser that supports the Page Visibility API.");
        } else {
          // Handle page visibility change   
          document.addEventListener(visibilityChange, handleVisibilityChange, false);
            
          // When the video pauses and plays, change the title.
          videoElement.addEventListener("pause", function(){
            document.title = 'Paused';
          }, false);
            
          videoElement.addEventListener("play", function(){
            document.title = 'Playing'
          }, false);
        }

    })();
    </script>

</body>

All we’re doing is to get a reference to the video element and hook into the visibilitychange event. When the page is hidden, we simply pause the video. Once the focus is back in, we play it.

I’ve create a live version on Glitch you can have a look. Play the video and click on another tab. The video will get paused and once you’re back, it plays again.

Summary

A good web application does not necessarily require hot features and impressive UX. Sometimes a performing web application would appeal to users like no other. Hope this little article helps you help your users in many ways.

Happy exploring 😊.

Let's build a game with Tensorflow.js in 10 minutes 🎮

Thu, 19 Sep 2019 00:00:00 GMT

I’ve been looking into Tensorflow.js recently and have found the whole concept fascinating. Previously I wrote a piece on how to get started, and I intent to write more around all aspects of creating a new model, transfer learning with it, or just use pre-trained models for inference.

Let’s review our plan 🗺️

Today we want to:

Find a game written with JavaScript
Find a model which we can control the game with
Mix these two together and have fun 🤪
Not complain about the code we just wrote to spoil the fun 😁

Disclaimer

I am not showing any best practices here around the JavaScript code. It is copy pasted from somewhere else and our purpose is to make it work.

Finding the game

The very first thing I did when I was creating one of the demo’s for my talk on AI and JavaScript was to search for a game written with JavaScript. I didn’t want a complex game, just something lightweight which could be customised easily.

PS: You can now watch my talk 👇🏼

After searching for JavaScript game in Google, I found this game on W3schools:

The game is very simple. You just need to guide the red cube between incoming green bars. If it touches any of the green bars, the game is over.

Finding the right model

For this game, what I could think of really quick was SpeechCommand. This model recognises the spoken commands comprised of simple words. For now it only has 18 words, but we wouldn’t even need that since all we need is directions (up, down, left, and right).

This model is using the WebAudio API to listen to your voice through your microphone.

Let’s code 💻

First thing first, we need to get the code behind our game. Thankfully, it’s on the same page we found the game.

<html>
<head>
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"/>
<style>
canvas {
    border:1px solid #d3d3d3;
    background-color: #f1f1f1;
}
</style>
</head>
<body onload="startGame()">
<script>

var myGamePiece;
var myObstacles = [];
var myScore;

function startGame() {
    myGamePiece = new component(30, 30, "red", 10, 120);
    myScore = new component("30px", "Consolas", "black", 280, 40, "text");
    myGameArea.start();
}

var myGameArea = {
    canvas : document.createElement("canvas"),
    start : function() {
        this.canvas.width = 480;
        this.canvas.height = 270;
        this.context = this.canvas.getContext("2d");
        document.body.insertBefore(this.canvas, document.body.childNodes[0]);
        this.frameNo = 0;
        this.interval = setInterval(updateGameArea, 20);
        },
    clear : function() {
        this.context.clearRect(0, 0, this.canvas.width, this.canvas.height);
    },
    stop : function() {
        clearInterval(this.interval);
    }
}

function component(width, height, color, x, y, type) {
    this.type = type;
    this.width = width;
    this.height = height;
    this.speedX = 0;
    this.speedY = 0;    
    this.x = x;
    this.y = y;    
    this.update = function() {
        ctx = myGameArea.context;
        if (this.type == "text") {
            ctx.font = this.width + " " + this.height;
            ctx.fillStyle = color;
            ctx.fillText(this.text, this.x, this.y);
        } else {
            ctx.fillStyle = color;
            ctx.fillRect(this.x, this.y, this.width, this.height);
        }
    }
    this.newPos = function() {
        this.x += this.speedX;
        this.y += this.speedY;        
    }
    this.crashWith = function(otherobj) {
        var myleft = this.x;
        var myright = this.x + (this.width);
        var mytop = this.y;
        var mybottom = this.y + (this.height);
        var otherleft = otherobj.x;
        var otherright = otherobj.x + (otherobj.width);
        var othertop = otherobj.y;
        var otherbottom = otherobj.y + (otherobj.height);
        var crash = true;
        if ((mybottom < othertop) || (mytop > otherbottom) || (myright < otherleft) || (myleft > otherright)) {
            crash = false;
        }
        return crash;
    }
}

function updateGameArea() {
    var x, height, gap, minHeight, maxHeight, minGap, maxGap;
    for (i = 0; i < myObstacles.length; i += 1) {
        if (myGamePiece.crashWith(myObstacles[i])) {
            myGameArea.stop();
            return;
        } 
    }
    myGameArea.clear();
    myGameArea.frameNo += 1;
    if (myGameArea.frameNo == 1 || everyinterval(150)) {
        x = myGameArea.canvas.width;
        minHeight = 20;
        maxHeight = 200;
        height = Math.floor(Math.random()*(maxHeight-minHeight+1)+minHeight);
        minGap = 50;
        maxGap = 200;
        gap = Math.floor(Math.random()*(maxGap-minGap+1)+minGap);
        myObstacles.push(new component(10, height, "green", x, 0));
        myObstacles.push(new component(10, x - height - gap, "green", x, height + gap));
    }
    for (i = 0; i < myObstacles.length; i += 1) {
        myObstacles[i].speedX = -1;
        myObstacles[i].newPos();
        myObstacles[i].update();
    }
    myScore.text="SCORE: " + myGameArea.frameNo;
    myScore.update();
    myGamePiece.newPos();    
    myGamePiece.update();
}

function everyinterval(n) {
    if ((myGameArea.frameNo / n) % 1 == 0) {return true;}
    return false;
}

function moveup() {
    myGamePiece.speedY = -1; 
}

function movedown() {
    myGamePiece.speedY = 1; 
}

function moveleft() {
    myGamePiece.speedX = -1; 
}

function moveright() {
    myGamePiece.speedX = 1; 
}

function clearmove() {
    myGamePiece.speedX = 0; 
    myGamePiece.speedY = 0; 
}
</script>
<div style="text-align:center;width:480px;">
  <button onmousedown="moveup()" onmouseup="clearmove()" ontouchstart="moveup()">UP</button><br><br>
  <button onmousedown="moveleft()" onmouseup="clearmove()" ontouchstart="moveleft()">LEFT</button>
  <button onmousedown="moveright()" onmouseup="clearmove()" ontouchstart="moveright()">RIGHT</button><br><br>
  <button onmousedown="movedown()" onmouseup="clearmove()" ontouchstart="movedown()">DOWN</button>
</div>

<p>The score will count one point for each frame you manage to "stay alive".</p>
</body>
</html>

Creating the project structure

Let’s setup our project structure at this point. We will need the following files:

package.json
index.html
game.js
index.js

In our package.json we will need some dependencies and a script command to run the app.

{
...
  "dependencies": {
    "@tensorflow-models/speech-commands": "^0.3.9",
    "@tensorflow/tfjs": "^1.2.8"
  },
  "scripts": {
    "watch": "cross-env NODE_OPTIONS=--max_old_space_size=4096 NODE_ENV=development parcel index.html --no-hmr --open"
  },
  "devDependencies": {
    "@babel/core": "^7.0.0-0",
    "@babel/plugin-transform-runtime": "^7.1.0",
    "babel-core": "^6.26.3",
    "babel-polyfill": "~6.26.0",
    "babel-preset-env": "~1.6.1",
    "babel-preset-es2017": "^6.24.1",
    "clang-format": "~1.2.2",
    "cross-env": "^5.2.0",
    "eslint": "^4.19.1",
    "eslint-config-google": "^0.9.1",
    "parcel-bundler": "~1.10.3"
  },
...
}

I am using parcel here since it’s easy to setup and it just works. Besides, most of the demo’s on Tensorflow.js models GitHub repository are using parcel.

Your project structure should look like:

Converting the game code into a module

For now, let’s not focus on the code that much since we need to do some refactoring. First thing first, let’s separate our JavaScript code into a separate file. With doing so your HTML should look like:

<!DOCTYPE html>

<html class="no-js">
  <head>
    <meta charset="utf-8" />
    <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge" />
    <title>TensorFlow.js Speech Commands Model Demo</title>
    <meta name="description" content="" />
    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" />
    <style>
      canvas {
        border: 1px solid #d3d3d3;
        background-color: #f1f1f1;
      }
    </style>
    
  </head>
  <body>
    <script src="index.js"></script>
  </body>
</html>

Since we are going to use SpeechCommand module, we need to change our JavaScript code to support that. Create a file called main.js and paste the below code in it.

var myGamePiece;
var myObstacles = [];
var myScore;

export const startGame = function() {
    myGamePiece = new component(30, 30, "red", 10, 120);
    myScore = new component("30px", "Consolas", "black", 280, 40, "text");
    myGameArea.start();
}

var myGameArea = {
    canvas : document.createElement("canvas"),
    start : function() {
        this.canvas.width = 480;
        this.canvas.height = 270;
        this.context = this.canvas.getContext("2d");
        document.body.insertBefore(this.canvas, document.body.childNodes[0]);
        this.frameNo = 0;
        this.interval = setInterval(updateGameArea, 40);
        },
    clear : function() {
        this.context.clearRect(0, 0, this.canvas.width, this.canvas.height);
    },
    stop : function() {
        clearInterval(this.interval);
    }
}

function component(width, height, color, x, y, type) {
    this.type = type;
    this.width = width;
    this.height = height;
    this.speedX = 0;
    this.speedY = 0;    
    this.x = x;
    this.y = y;    
    this.update = function() {
        let ctx = myGameArea.context;
        if (this.type == "text") {
            ctx.font = this.width + " " + this.height;
            ctx.fillStyle = color;
            ctx.fillText(this.text, this.x, this.y);
        } else {
            ctx.fillStyle = color;
            ctx.fillRect(this.x, this.y, this.width, this.height);
        }
    }
    this.newPos = function() {
        this.x += this.speedX;
        this.y += this.speedY;        
    }
    this.crashWith = function(otherobj) {
        let myleft = this.x;
        let myright = this.x + (this.width);
        let mytop = this.y;
        let mybottom = this.y + (this.height);
        let otherleft = otherobj.x;
        let otherright = otherobj.x + (otherobj.width);
        let othertop = otherobj.y;
        let otherbottom = otherobj.y + (otherobj.height);
        let crash = true;
        if ((mybottom < othertop) || (mytop > otherbottom) || (myright < otherleft) || (myleft > otherright)) {
            crash = false;
        }
        return crash;
    }
}

function updateGameArea() {
    let x, height, gap, minHeight, maxHeight, minGap, maxGap;
    for (let i = 0; i < myObstacles.length; i += 1) {
        if (myGamePiece.crashWith(myObstacles[i])) {
            myGameArea.stop();
            return;
        } 
    }
    myGameArea.clear();
    myGameArea.frameNo += 1;
    if (myGameArea.frameNo == 1 || everyinterval(180)) {
        x = myGameArea.canvas.width;
        minHeight = 20;
        maxHeight = 200;
        height = Math.floor(Math.random()*(maxHeight-minHeight+1)+minHeight);
        minGap = 50;
        maxGap = 200;
        gap = Math.floor(Math.random()*(maxGap-minGap+1)+minGap);
        myObstacles.push(new component(10, height, "green", x, 0));
        myObstacles.push(new component(10, x - height - gap, "green", x, height + gap));
    }
    for (let j = 0; j < myObstacles.length; j += 1) {
        myObstacles[j].speedX = -1;
        myObstacles[j].newPos();
        myObstacles[j].update();
    }
    myScore.text="SCORE: " + myGameArea.frameNo;
    myScore.update();
    myGamePiece.newPos();    
    myGamePiece.update();
}

export const everyinterval = function(n) {
    if ((myGameArea.frameNo / n) % 1 == 0) {return true;}
    return false;
}

export const moveup = function() {
    myGamePiece.speedY = -1; 
}

export const movedown = function() {
    myGamePiece.speedY = 1; 
}

export const moveleft = function() {
    myGamePiece.speedX = -1; 
}

export const moveright = function() {
    myGamePiece.speedX = 1; 
}

export const clearmove = function() {
    myGamePiece.speedX = 0; 
    myGamePiece.speedY = 0; 
}

All I did here is change some of those functions to be constant and export what need later on. Now let’s write our index.js and import the speech command model.

import * as speechCommands from "@tensorflow-models/speech-commands";

Next, import the functions we will need to play the game:

import { startGame, moveup, movedown, clearmove } from './main';

I am not going to use left and write, but you could totally use them too. Next up, we need to create an instance of the model and initialise it. Since loading the model requires an async call, we will use an IIFE (Immediately-Invoked Function Expression):

const recognizer = speechCommands.create("BROWSER_FFT");

(async function() {
  await recognizer.ensureModelLoaded();

  console.log(recognizer.wordLabels());

  startGame();
})();

We call start game once the model is loaded. At last, we need to call the listen method on our instance to be able to listen to commands:

const suppressionTimeMillis = 1000;
const allowedCommands = ['up', 'down'];

recognizer
  .listen(
    result => {
      checkPredictions(recognizer.wordLabels(), result.scores,
      2, suppressionTimeMillis);
    },
    {
      includeSpectrogram: true,
      suppressionTimeMillis,
      probabilityThreshold: 0.8
    }
  )
  .then(() => {
    console.log("Streaming recognition started.");
  })
  .catch(err => {
    console.log("ERROR: Failed to start streaming display: " + err.message);
  });

const checkPredictions = (
  candidateWords,
  probabilities,
  topK,
  timeToLiveMillis
) => {
  if (topK != null) {
    let wordsAndProbs = [];
    for (let i = 0; i < candidateWords.length; ++i) {
      wordsAndProbs.push([candidateWords[i], probabilities[i]]);
    }
    wordsAndProbs.sort((a, b) => b[1] - a[1]);
    wordsAndProbs = wordsAndProbs.slice(0, topK);
    candidateWords = wordsAndProbs.map(item => item[0]);
    probabilities = wordsAndProbs.map(item => item[1]);
    console.log(wordsAndProbs);
    // Highlight the top word.
    const topWord = wordsAndProbs[0][0];
    if(allowedCommands.includes(topWord)) {
      if(topWord === 'up') {
        moveup();
        setTimeout(() => clearmove(), 850);
        console.log('up');
      } else {
        movedown();
        setTimeout(() => clearmove(), 850);
        console.log('down');
      }
    }
    
  }
}

This will start our game and also listens to your mic. You will need to give permission to your browser to use your mic if you haven’t done already.

Listen method returns a promise which will have a result object. When we get the result, we will call our little helper function to check which words are recognised an fire an action based on that.

Check the live demo here.

Improvement

If you’ve had a look at the documentation on SpeechCommand repo, you can see when calling speechCommands.create(), you can specify the vocabulary the loaded model will be able to recognize. This is specified as the second, optional argument to speechCommands.create(). We can use that to limit the words to only directional:

const recognizer = speechCommands.create('BROWSER_FFT', 'directional4w');

Now if you try the model, it will be more accurate because it only focuses on directional words (up, down, left, and right).

Summary

That’s it. This is all you need to do in order to control this mini game using your voice with Tensorflow.js SpeechCommand model.

Now go and create something fun with those pre-trained models and make sure to check their example repository.

For more inspiring demo’s check aijs.rocks which is built by Asim Hussain, Eleanor Haproff and Osama Jandali.

aria-live, accessibility tips 🦮

Sat, 14 Sep 2019 00:00:00 GMT

Last week I talked about JavaScript and AI using Tensorflow.js at ComponentsConf in Melbourne, Australia. The line up was a killer and I got to listen to some amazing talks, one of which got me hooked. It’s about accessibility and how we can be more inclusive by doing very little at our end.

Background

We all create websites or applications which is used by many people who can see our pages, however, we don’t realise these are also consumed by people who can’t see them and use assistive technologies such as screen readers.

I am not talking about static pages here, we’re dealing with dynamic pages where an area in the page gets changed without refreshing the whole page thanks to our friend JavaScript. This can be updating the ticket’s price list, or updating the search result on the fly.

When this happens screen readers usually are not aware, unless we let them know there was an update on the page and that’s where aria-live regions come to the rescue.

How does `aria-live` works?

aria-live lets us mark a part of the page as “live”, which means updates to this area should be communicated to the user regardless of where in the page they have focused on rather than requiring the user to be on that area when the update happens. This means they won’t miss the updates even if they’re currently reviewing other parts of the page.

For example, if the user clicks a button and an action is done, the status message which appears as a result should be communicated to them.

In its simplest form, an aria-live looks like this:

<div class="status" aria-live="polite">Thanks for your feedback.</div>

There are three values which can be used with aria-live attribute, polite, assertive, and off.

It doesn’t make sense? Let’s see it in action

To demonstrate how it all works, I’ve created a CodePen with three regions for each of the above values.

Here is the code:

<h1>Polite</h1>

<button onclick="updateContent('msg')">To view the updates, click this button!</button>
<br/> <br/>

<div id="msg" role="region" aria-live="polite" id="msg"></div>

<h1>Assertive</h1>

<button onclick="updateContent('msg2')">To view the updates immediately, click this button!</button>
<br/> <br/>

<div id="msg2" role="region" aria-live="assertive"  id="msg"></div>
<h1>Off</h1>

<button onclick="updateContent('msg3')">No updates will be announced, so don't click this button 😂!</button>
<br/> <br/>

<div id="msg3" role="region" aria-live="off" id="msg"></div>

And a simple function to simulate the content change:

function updateContent(id) {  
  document.querySelector(`#${id}`).textContent = 'Content changed: ' + Math.random()
};

Let’s be polite 😊

aria-live="polite" tells assistive technology to alert the user to this change when it has finished whatever it is currently doing. It’s great to use if something is important but not urgent, and accounts for the majority of aria-live use.

You can see how it works in the video below using a demo I created on CodePen. In this demo I am changing the content of the message box with each click with a random number. You can see that windows narrator reads the current message before reading the next one, although the message has changed.

Your browser does not support the video element.

Holly molly, something urgent happened ⚠️

aria-live="assertive" tells assistive technology to interrupt whatever it’s going on and alert the user to this change immediately. This is only for important and urgent updates, such as a status message like “There has been a server error and your changes are not saved; please refresh the page”, or updates to an input field as a direct result of a user action, such as buttons on a stepper widget.

You can see that in the assertive aria-live region, the narrator reads the next message as soon as it appears, even if it means it cuts off the previous one.

Your browser does not support the video element.

Turn it off and save energy 😁

aria-live="off" tells assistive technology to temporarily suspend aria-live interruptions. If the updates are finished, you should definitely set the aria-live region to off. This will help the assistive technology to stop tracking changes of the dynamic content.

Making sure the `aria-live` regions work effectively

This is a powerful tool, but you know the saying:

With great power, comes great responsibility.

Include the area from beginning

The first and foremost consideration is that you have to make sure the region is there on page load and it’s empty. This is not a hard and fast rule, but many issues might occur if the region is not there initially.

❌ Don’t do:

<div class="dynamic-content"></div>

<script>
document.querySelector(".dynamic-content").innerHTML = `<div id="msg" aria-live="polite">
    Content changed!
</div>`
<script>

✔️ Instead:

<div class="dynamic-content">
  <div id="msg" aria-live="polite"></div>
</div>

<script>
  document.querySelector('#msg').textContent = 'Content changed!'
</script>

Want to hide the text but get it announced 😲?

If you want screen readers to announce your updates but would like to visually hide the text on screen, you have a bit of problem with usual wats like display: none or visibility: hidden. Both of these would cause the updates to be missed.

Another historical way was to add text-indent: -9999px to your element, but that has some performance issues since the browser WILL draw a 9999 pixel box on your (even worst on mobile).

So what should we do? Well, there are two ways you can do this:

Using overflow: hidden and small width and height:

.hide-text { 
  position: absolute;
  width: 1px;
  height: 1px;
  overflow: hidden;
}

Or using overflow: hidden and text-indent: 100%:

.hide-text {
  text-indent: 100%;
  white-space: nowrap;
  overflow: hidden;
}

These are the most efficient ways of hiding text on screen, while keeping the performance in check.

`aria-atomic`

This attribute indicates that the entire region should be considered as whole when communicating updates. Imagine a date widget consisting of day, month and year which has aria-live=assertive and aria-atomic=true. When the user changes the value of the day, the whole date will be read again.

<input type="number" value="02" onchange="updateDate('day', event)"/>/
<input type="number" value="12" onchange="updateDate('month', event)"/>/
<input type="number" value="1983" onchange="updateDate('year', event)"/>

<div class="user-date" aria-live="assertive" aria-atomic="true">  
  <span id="day">02</span>/
  <span id="month">12</span>/
  <span id="year">1983</span>
</div>

And for its JavaScript:

function updateDate(type, event) {
  if(event && event.target && event.target.value) {
    document.querySelector(`#${type}`).textContent = event.target.value;
  }
}

Now if you change the stepper in any of the inputs, the whole date should be read.

⚠ The above did not work with windows narrator. However, ChromeVox, a Chrome extension I use for accessibility testing, worked as expected.

What else?

There are other useful attributes you might want to look at:

aria-relevant: which indicates what types of changes should be presented to the user.
aria-busy: which lets you notify assistive technology that it should temporarily ignore changes to an element, such as when things are loading.

Summary

We discussed the what, the how and the why of aria-live so far. We also saw how to hide the text without losing the ability to communicating updates to users, and furthermore, saw how to make the whole area atomically live using aria-atomic.

Hope this helps you with your journey to make web a more inclusive place for everybody, and happy coding.

Let's get to know the ResizeObserver 👋🏼

Thu, 05 Sep 2019 00:00:00 GMT

Resize Observer API is another great JavaScript API which lets you get notified when the size of an element changes. Think window.onresize but on element level.

The what

The most common case when the size of an element could change is when the viewport is resized. Or in terms of mobile device the orientation changes.

Prior to ResizeObserver you would have to hook into window.onresize or use window.resize to be able to figure out whether an element’s size has changed or not. This was very inefficient since it would trigger so many events.

Another scenario where this API can come handy is when you add/remove an element dynamically, in which case the size of the parent changes and not the viewport.

The ResizeObserver interface reports changes to the dimensions of an Element’s content or border box, or the bounding box of an SVGElement.

The content box is the box in which content can be placed, meaning the border box minus the padding and border width. The border box encompasses the content, padding, and border.

Enough talking, shoe me the code 😉

In its simplest form, you can use ResizeObserver by just instantiating a new instance of the API and pass a call-back to it.

const myObserver = new ResizeObserver(entries => {
  // iterate over the entries, do something.
});

By itself, this wouldn’t help much, however if you call the observe method on the instance and give it an element, it will start capturing it’s size changes and calls your call-back function.

const myEl = document.querySelector('.my-element');

myObserver.observe(myEl);

Now whenever my element’s size changes, it will trigger the call-back and voila.

call-back input object

When you pass a call-back to the constructor of the API, what you get is an array of objects which look like below:

As you can see, the object you get has two properties, contentRect and target. Target is obvious, it’s the DOM element itself. The width and height values on the contentRect don’t include the padding unlike the element’s getBoundingClientRect.

Demo

You can do a lot with this API, from changing the font size based on the element’s size to change the styling when the size changes. Below is one where I’m changing the border radios based on element’s size. Resize your window and see what happens 😎.

See the Pen ResizeObserver by Yaser Adel Mehraban (@yashints) on CodePen.

Demo explained

The demo is not that complex, we have a div which is got two children:

<div class="boxes">
  <div class="box"></div>
  <div class="box"></div>
</div>

We add a bit of styling so we can see the changes:

.boxes {
  display: flex;
  flex-wrap: wrap;
  width: 40vw;
  margin-bottom: 50px;
}
.box {
  height: 200px;
  flex-shrink: 1;
  flex-grow: 1;
  margin: 10px;
  box-sizing: border-box;
  border: 3px solid black;
}

Once we’re done, we add our little snippet to get the observer notify us of changes:

const ro = new ResizeObserver(entries => {
  for (let entry of entries) {
    entry.target.style.borderRadius =
      Math.max(0, 250 - entry.contentRect.width) +
      'px'
  }
})
console.log('horay');
// Only observe the 2nd box
ro.observe(
  document.querySelector('.box:nth-child(2)')
)

In the call-back, we simply change the border radios based on width of the element, and voila.

Browser support

Browser support is there for most major browsers, we have Chrome 64+, Firefox 69+, Microsoft Edge 76, and Safari 13-TP supporting the API, but a poor support on mobile browsers.

Have fun exploring the API and do some cool stuff with it 😍.

Let's write HTML like a pro 😎

Tue, 03 Sep 2019 00:00:00 GMT

How often have you wrote a block of HTML without realising the code you’ve written might not be ideal?

The why

HTML has always been that kid in the corner where nobody talks to because JavaScript and CSS have always stolen the attention.

Now keep that picture in your mind cause I am going to go through some simple tips which together, make a difference and help bring that kid in the centre again 😁.

These are part of a perspective of creating a clean, maintainable and scalable code, that will make a good use of the semantic markup elements of HTML5 and that will render correctly in supported browsers.

So just to stop me from going on and on about why, let’s have a look at the what.

DOCTYPE

Starting from the top of your index.html, make sure you’re declaring a DOCTYPE. This will activate the standard mode in all browsers and let them know how the document should be interpreted. Keep in mind that DOCTYPE is not an HTML element.

For HTML5 it looks like:

<!DOCTYPE html>

Note: If you’re using a framework, this is prepopulated for you. If not, I highly recommend using code snippets like Emmet which is available in VS Code.

Curious to find out more about other doc types? Have a look at this reference document.

Optional tags

Some tags are optional in HTML5, mostly because the element is implicitly present. Believe it or not, you can omit the <html> tag and the page will render just fine.

<!DOCTYPE HTML>

  <head>
    <title>Hello</title>
  </head>
  <body>
    <p>Welcome to this example.</p>
  </body>
</html>

Above is a valid HTML, however, there are some cases where you can’t do so, such as tags followed by comments:

<!DOCTYPE HTML>
<!-- where is this comment in the DOM? -->

  <head>
    <title>Hello</title>
  </head>
  <body>
    <p>Welcome to this example.</p>
  </body>
</html>

Above is invalid because the parse tree changes due to comment being outside of <html> tag.

Closing tags

You should always consider closing your tags because some browsers will have trouble rendering your page. However, it’s recommended to keep those for readability and other reasons which I will go through later.

<div id="example">
  <img src="example.jpg" alt="example" />
  <a href="#" title="test">example</a>
  <p>example</p>
</div>

Above are all valid tags. But there are also some exceptions 👇🏼 to this rule.

Self-closing tags are valid, but not required. These elements include:

<br>, <hr>, <img>, <input>, <link>, <meta>,
<area>, <base>, <col>, <command>, <embed>, <keygen>, <param>, <source>, <track>, <wbr>

Note: Normal elements can never have self-closing tags.

<title />

Above is invalid obviously.

Charset

Define your character set upfront. It is best practice to put it right on top inside <head> element.

<head>
  <title>This is a super duper cool title, right 😥?</title>
  <meta charset="utf-8">
</head>

Above is invalid and title wouldn’t render properly. Instead move the character set deceleration on top.

<head>
  <meta charset="utf-8">
  <title>This is a super duper cool title, right 😃?</title>  
</head>

Language

Another reason to not omit the optional tags is when using attributes. In this case you can and you should define the language of your web page. This is really important for accessibility and searching.

<html lang="fr-CA">
  ...
</html>

Title

Never, never, ever omit the title tag. It’s super bad for accessibility, and I will personally never use your site because I can’t find it 2 seconds after opening it and 20 more tabs later 😁 (the browser tab won’t have anything to show).

The `base` tag

This is a really useful tag which should be used with cautious. This will set the base URL for the app. Once set, all links will be relative to this base URL, which might cause some unwanted behaviour:

<base href="http://www.example.com/" />

With above set, href="#internal" will be interpreted as href="http://www.example.com/#internal".

Or href="example.org" will be interpreted as href="http://www.example.com/example.org".

Description

This meta tag is very useful although it’s not strictly part of best practices. This is super useful for search engines when they crawl your site.

<meta name="description" content="HTML best practices">

I have a post you can check on SEO which has been super popular.

Semantic tags

Although you can create your UX engineer’s wire frames with just divs, it doesn’t mean you should. Semantic HTML gives meaning to your page rather than just presentations. Tags like p, section, h{1-6}, main, nav, etc are all semantic tags. If you use a p tag, users will know this represents a paragraph of text and browsers know how to represent them.

On the other hand, tags like i and b do not represent semantics. They just try to define how the text should look like. Semantic HTML is way beyond the scope of this article. But you should defo check them out and use them as if they’re your pen when you’re writing. Can you write without a pen ❓ (or mouse 😁)?

`hr` shouldn’t be used for formatting

<hr> is not a formatting element, so stop using it to format your content. In HTML5 this tag represents a thematic break of your content. A proper use of it might look like this:

<p>Paragraph about puppies</p>
<p>Paragraph about puppies' favourite foods</p>
<p>Paragraph about puppies' breeds</p>
<hr>
<p>Paragraph about why I am shaving my head 😂</p>

Be careful when you use the `title` attribute

The title attribute is a powerful tool which can help clarify an action or the purpose of an element on the page like a tooltip. However, it’s not interchangeable with other attributes like alt on an image.

From the HTML5 spec:

Relying on the title attribute is currently discouraged as many user agents do not expose the attribute in an accessible manner as required by this specification (e.g., requiring a pointing device such as a mouse to cause a tooltip to appear, which excludes keyboard-only users and touch-only users, such as anyone with a modern phone or tablet).

Single or double quotes

I’ve faced many code bases where there are a mix of both in the markup. This is not good especially if you are using a framework which depends on single quote like php and also when you're using a single quote in a sentence just like I did now. Another reason is to keep it consistent which is always good. Don’t do:

<img alt="super funny meme" src='/img/meme.jpg'>

Instead:

<img alt="super funny meme" src="/img/meme.jpg">

Omit boolean values

When it comes to having boolean values for attributes, it’s recommended to omit those as they don’t add any value and also increase your markup’s weight.

<audio autoplay="autoplay" src="podcast.mp3">

<!-- instead 👇🏼 -->

<audio autoplay src="podcast.mp3">

Omit type attribute

There is no need to add type attribute to scriptand style tags. You also get a validation error from some services such as W3C’s markup validation tool.

Validate your markup

You can use services like W3C’s markup validation to make sure you have a valid markup 😍.

Say no to inline style ☢

What you write in your HTML file is the content, how it looks like is presentation. Leave the presentation to CSS and don’t use inline styles. This will benefit both your developers and browsers to digest your mark up.

Summary

These are just a tip of the iceberg in terms of small things to keep in mind when writing markup. There are heaps of good resources you can have a look for deeper insights, and I highly recommend you to skim through them at least once.

Hope you’ve enjoyed the read. And stay classy 😊, with your markup 😁.

JavaScript modules, the good, the bad and the ugly 🧐

Tue, 27 Aug 2019 00:00:00 GMT

If you ever stumbled upon a piece of vanilla JavaScript code and wanted to refactor it to a module, or have a CommonJS module and want to convert it to ES6 Modules, you might have faced a couple of tricky situations. I had to go through one of those recently and stumbled upon some differences/points that you need to be aware of when working with modules. As always, thought sharing these would help someone else, so here we go 😊.

CommonJS & `require`

This is the most common type of code seen on many open source projects before ES6 was put on earth by the GODS 😁.

Usage

const _ = require('underscore'); // from an npm package 

const reverseString = require('./reverseString.js'); // from internal module

Definition

In the reverseString.js you would need to write something like this to get it working:

const reverseString = (sentence) => sentence.split("").reverse().join("");

module.exports = reverseString;

The only thing you need to pay attention to is that the value you assign to module.exports is the same you get when using require. And if you want to use the function you just exported:

const reverseString = require('./reverseString.js');

console.log(reverseString("madam")); // madam, gotcha 😂

Multi export

In real life situations, we will need to export more than one function from our module. This is as easy as wrapping all of those in an object. Imagine you have a file called stringHelpers.js:

const reverseString = (sentence) => {...};
const toUpperCase = (sentence) => {...};
const convertToCamelCase = (sentence) => {...};


module.exports = {
  reverseString: reverseString, 
  toUpperCase, // you can omit the assignment if the name is equal
  toLowerCase: convertToLowerCase,
};

As you can see, the value of the module.exports will be an object, which means when using it, you will have to use the properties on the object:

const stringHelpers = require('./stringHelpers.js');

console.log(stringHelpers.reverseString('racecar')); // racecar 🤣

We can also rewrite our module in a different way:

module.exports = {};

module.exports.reverseString = () => {...};
module.exports.toUpperCase = () => {...};
module.exports.toLowerCase = () => {...};

These two ways of creating the module are exactly the same, it’s up to you which convention to follow.

ES6 Modules

ES6 Modules is created to create a format which both CommonJS and AMD (Async Module Definition) users are happy with. In their simplest form compared to CommonJS approach, ES6 Modules always export an object.

const reverseString = (sentence) => {...};

export default reverseString;

Default export

One of the major benefits of having modules are to hide the internal implementation details and expose only what’s needed. In this case I am just exporting one function, and in addition I am exporting it as default. When you export something as default, you get to import it with their original name or even an alias. Plus you get to omit the curly braces.

import reverseString from './reverseString.js';

import defaultExport from './reverseString.js';

console.log(reverseString('madam')); //madam
console.log(defaultExport('madam')); //madam

If you look into the object which is exported from the file, you will see below object:

{
  default: (sentence) => {...}
}

You can also export the function directly:

export const reverseString = (sentence) => {...};

Which will result in:

{
  reverseString: (sentence) => {...}
}

In which case you will need to use its name to be able to import it, plus you have to use curly braces:

import { reverseString } from './reverseString.js';

console.log(reverseString('madam')); //madam

Mixed export

You can also have a default export alongside named ones:

export const reverseString = (sentence) => {...};
export const toUpperCase = (sentence) => {...};
const convertToCamelCase = (sentence) => {...};

export default convertToCamelCase;

Which then will give you:

{
  reverseString: (sentence) => {...},
  toUpperCase: (sentence) => {...},
  default: (sentence) => {...}
}

And when importing, you can use their names, or import everything in one object:

import convertToCamelCase, { reverseString, toUpperCase } from './stringHelpers.js';

// or

import * as stringHelpers from './stringHelpers.js';

Now to be fair, you can change the name of a named export after exporting too:

import { reverseString as madeUpName } from './stringHelpers.js';

Importing the whole module

Sometimes you have a block of code which needs to be executed without the need to access any of the module’s internal values. In this case you can import the whole module just to have its global code executed:

// other code or possible exports

window.addEventListener("load", function() {
    console.log("Window is loaded");
});

Then import the whole module:

import './loadEventListener.js';

Why should you use modules 😍?

There are many benefits when it comes to use ES6 Modules (or even CommonJS format). I will go through some of those here:

Ease in sharing the code (both internal and between projects).
Independant testability.
Having ability to hide the implementation details.
Single responsibility principle, code can be split in smaller chunks with a specific purpose.
Simplifying dependency detection/injection.
Defining clear interface for a block of code.
Can be used alongside a dependency injection system to load a block of code.
Can help the tree shaking to eliminate unused code.

What’s the catch 🤔?

There are a few points you should be aware of while using ES6 Modules:

They are running in strict mode by default (you don’t need to have use strict anymore).
Top level value of this is undefined.
Top level variables are local to the module.
ES6 Modules are loaded and executed asynchronously. This means the browser will finish parsing and loading the HTML first, and then executes the module code. The load can be in parallel or be done beforehand using link rel=preload.

Trick or treat?

This one is probably my favourite part. You can dynamically load the module and execute it. This is done by using the import keyword as a function rather than normal command.

import('/modules/my-module.js')
  .then((module) => {
    // Do something with the module.
  });

Or even better:

const module = await import('/modules/my-module.js');

Wow that’s great, but why 🧐?

Suppose you have an application which has different user experience or behaviour for mobile vs desktop. This problem can’t be solved just by having a responsive design, so you build a page renderer which loads and renders each page based on visitor’s platform.

Technically this is just a strategy pattern where the page renderer decides which module to load at run time. This can be solved easily using dynamic imports. There are many other use cases out there which can be benefited from dynamic imports.

However, with great power, comes great responsibility. You need to be careful when to use this fantastic feature as it has its own drawbacks. At the least, you lose automatic bundling of lazy-loaded chunks, type inference and more.

How can I use them?

I’ve shown you many examples in this article how to consume a module in another file or module. However, sometimes you need to consume them in browser (from HTML). Chrome, Safari, Firefox and Edge all support ES6 Modules, however you need to change your script tag’s type from script to module:

// html.js
export function tag (tag, text) {
  const el = document.createElement(tag)
  el.textContent = text

  return el
}

<script type="module">
  import { tag } from './html.js'

  const h1 = tag('h1', ' Hello Modules!')
  document.body.appendChild(h1)
</script>

Or just simply import the module file into another file and use external reference:

// app.js
import { tag } from './html.js'

const h1 = tag('h1', ' Hello Modules!')
document.body.appendChild(h1)

<script type="module" src="app.js"></script>

Tip: There are still some old browsers out there cough IE11 cough which doesn’t support it, so make sure you have a back up plan. This can be done using nomodule attribute.

<script type="module" src="module.js"></script>
<script nomodule src="fallback.js"></script>

Summary

We had a look at before and after ES6 Modules and saw some of the differences in syntax. We saw the power of the module system in JavaScript and its benefits when it comes to using it in larger code bases. And at last we reviewed dynamic import which has massive potential but should be used with cautious.

Hope you’ve enjoyed the read and till next time 👋🏼.

Native lazy loading is landed in Chrome

Sun, 25 Aug 2019 00:00:00 GMT

Lazy loading resources is one of the important parts of web performance tuning, simply because offscreen resources can add a lot of weight to your page if loaded eagerly.

Intro

I’ve gone through many tips and tricks in my image optimisation article which is one of the series I’ve done on web performance. However, when it comes to lazy loading, I mentioned that you have two options:

Use data-src attribute on <img> tag and hook into either of scroll, resize, or orientationChange to figure out when to replace the data-src with src to make the call.
Use IntersectionObserver API to asynchronously observe the changes and make the call when the item in is the viewport.

The good news is, from Chrome 76, you can use the loading attribute of an image tag to tell the browser how to load the image.

In fact it’s so simple that you won’t believe it 🤯:

<img src="../path/to/image.jpg" loading="lazy">

I’ve created a demo to show you how it works, look closely on the network tab.

Here is a CodePen which contains the code.

I’ve just used below bash script to hack together the HTML 🤷🏽‍♂️.

for i in {400..499}; 
> do echo "<img loading='lazy' 
src='https://placedog.net/${i}/${i}' height='${i}' width='${i}' />"; 
> done

About the attribute

Currently the images are fetched with different priority in Chrome, the ones which are not in the viewport have less priority. But they’re fetched as soon as possible regardless.

With this new loading attribute, you can completely defer the loading of offscreen images (and iframes) to when they’re reached by scrolling:

<img src="../path/to/image.jpg" loading="lazy">
<iframe src="https://placedog.net" loading="lazy"></iframe>

You can use three values with this attribute:

auto: Default behaviour of the browser, equal to not including the attribute.
lazy: Defer loading of resources until it reaches a calculated distance from viewport.
eager: Load the resource immediately

My Chrome version is 76.0.3809.100 as of writing this post, but if you have any of the previous version below 76, you can activate this using flags:

For images 👉🏽 chrome://flags/#enable-lazy-image-loading
For iframes 👉🏽 chrome://flags/#enable-lazy-frame-loading

Feature detection

If you want to use this attribute today, you can use below code to feature detect it and have a polyfill in place such as loading-attribute-polyfill.

if ('loading' in HTMLImageElement.prototype === true) {
  // use the attribute
} else {
  // use polyfill
}

Prevent content reflow

Since the images are lazy loaded, if you haven’t set width and height for your image, the content might reflow when the image is loaded and fill its place. To prevent that to happen, simply set the required values on the image tag by either style or directly using width and height attributes:

<img src="../path/to/image.jpg" 
loading="lazy" width="200" height="200">

<img src="../path/to/image.jpg" 
loading="lazy" style="height:200px; width:200px;">

iframe loading

The same behaviour is applied to iframe when it’s used with loading attribute. However, there are times when an iframe is hidden for analytics purposes. Examples are they are very small (less than 4px in width and height), or they have display:none or visibility: hidden applied to them, or simply is offscreen using negative margin.

In these cases it won’t get lazy loaded even if you have used the attribute.

What’s the catch

There are few points you have to consider when using lazy loading in general. Plus there are a few things you can’t do with the loading attribute as of now.

Can’t do

You can’t change the threshold to load the resource for now since it’s been hard coded in the source.
This can’t be used with CSS’ background image for now

Catches

This might affect the third party ads since they will be lazy loaded too
There will be side effect when printing 😉, as in the lazy loaded resources won’t be printed. However, there is an open issue you can follow.

What about other browsers?

For now, Chrome is the only browser supporting this feature. Although there is an open bug for Firefox and nothing for Edge and IE.

Happy lazy loading everybody and make sure not to miss the catches 👋🏽.

Let's setup a VPN server, for free, on AWS, under 5 min

Wed, 21 Aug 2019 00:00:00 GMT

Sometimes you want to connect to internet without someone watching you. This can be due to restrictions applied by governments, ISPs, etc. Maintaining privacy while using internet is very important to some people, and for me personally, the experience was to bypass a ridiculous censor on sites like Twitter and software like Telegram.

So I thought how hard can it be to setup a VPN server (because I didn’t want to pay $5 per month) for a web developer. After Googling a bit, I found out you could easily do this on AWS for free using OpenVPN. I started setting it up and a couple of mins later I had it up and running.

OpenVPN is a popular open-source tool that is well tested and give you a production ready VPN solution.

So just to not forget how I did it, as usual I thought let’s write up something, and who knows, maybe it was useful to you too 😉.

So are you ready?

AWS console

If you don’t have an account on AWS (Amazon Web Services), go ahead and create one. It’s free, but you will need to have your credit card info handy.

Once signed up, login and under the services menu look for EC2 (you can type and it will filter the services as you type).

Click on EC2 and you will be redirected to its dashboard. Click launch instance button under create instance section.

Select the OpenVPN

Many articles will walk you through setting up an new Linux VM and installing the OpenVPN manually. However, things have changed and some lovely people have put a ready to use service in the AWS marketplace, so we will choose that.

Once in the dashboard, click AWS Marketplace menu from left and type OpenVPN, then press enter.

Click on select button on the first one with the free tier eligible badge.

Selecting instance type

On the next page click continue and select t2.micro from instance type list.

At this stage click on Review and Launch button.

Launch the instance

Select general purpose SSD from the pop up and click next. Now click Launch and you’ll see a pop up asking you to select a key pair. This is to let you access the instance later on.

Select create a new key pair (or an existing if you already have one), enter a name and click download key pair.

Save the .pem file somewhere safe as this is like a back door to your server 😁. Click Launch Instance and wait for the instance to go to running state.

Click on view instance to see the instance list.

Select your instance and click connect.

Preparation

You’ll see a set of instructions on a popup on how to connect to your instance.

In the instruction set they tell you to use PuTTY to connect to your instance using SSH. However, I already have Ubuntu set up in WSL (windows subsystem for Linux) and we can use that. Otherwise you can use PuTTY or even the web browser connection.

Before we do anything we need to set the permissions for our private key 👉🏽 .pem 👈🏽 file, otherwise it wouldn’t allow you to connect. If you’re using a Linux or Mac machine, simply run the following command:

chmod 400 {name-of-file}.pem

For the rest of you who are like me, right click on the .pem file and click Security > Advance. Then change the owner to yourself, click disable inheritance and remove all permissions. Click add and add yourself and give full control.

Connecting

Once that’s done, open a command prompt, type bash and then enter the following command:

sudo ssh -i "{name-of-file}.pem" openvpnas@{serveraddress}.compute.amazonaws.com

Don’t forget to replace the file name with whatever you’ve chosen previously and replace the name of server with what you got from the instruction popup.

Type yes for the agreement, then just hit enter to have all the defaults confirmed. Once you reached to the end, change the password for the user which will be used to login:

sudo passwd openvpn

Enter a new password twice and you’re all set. Open a browser window and type https://{server address}:943/admin and login with openvpn and the password you just set.

Tidy up a few settings

Once in the admin dashboard of OpenVPN, click configuration and apply the following changes:

Change the toggle for Should client Internet traffic be routed through the VPN? to Yes
Change the toggle for Have clients use specific DNS servers to Yes
Select custom DNS server and set the first box to 1.1.1.1 (CloudFlare DNS 🦄) and the second to 8.8.8.8

Now save the settings, wait for the pop up on the top and click apply the changes to server.

You’re good to go

You’re all set. You can now connect to your very own VPN server and enjoy a private surf of the net 😎. On the first page of the browser window you opened earlier, there are five options to download the OpenVPN client for different platform. If you click on windows, you will get an installer with your server address pre-configured. Just enter your user name and password and voila.

Hope this will help you if you need a VPN server setup for free.

Untitled RSS Feed

Handling forms with Vue.js 🧾

Background

Scenario

Start

Text inputs

Setting default value

Textarea

Select element

Checkbox & Radio buttons

Modifiers

.lazy

.number

.trim

Validation

Basic usage

All the code together in action

Summary

Infrastructure as code, Azure app service using a wildcard certificate from KeyVault

Background

First try

First try

Second try

Third try

Forth try

Summary

Deliver a better user experience using Vue.js Router 🛣️

Intro

Features

Getting cstarted

Default config

Nested routes

Dynamic routes

Not found

Navigation by code

Named routes

Redirects

Passing props

Securing your app using guards

Meta fields

Named views

Summary

A comprehensive intro to Vue.js 🔥🚀

Intro

Get started

Using CLI

Vue root component

el

data

computed

methods

Lifecycle hooks

Vue components

Local components

Props

Single file component

Templates

Raw HTML

Attributes

JS expressions

Directives

Arguments

Modifiers

CSS class and style binding

Conditional rendering

Input binding

Rendering lists

Event handling

Summary

React hooks you should know about 🔥

react-use-form-state hook

use-media

react-firebase-hooks

use-onClickOutside hook

useIntersectionObserver hook

react use collection

React Redux hooks

react-hanger

Summary

Send performance metrics from client side with Navigation Timing API ⚡

`react-use-form-state` hook

`use-media`

`react-firebase-hooks`

`use-onClickOutside` hook

`useIntersectionObserver` hook

Better alternative to `Date` object

`navigation` property

`visibilityState`

How does `aria-live` works?

Making sure the `aria-live` regions work effectively

`aria-atomic`

The `base` tag

`hr` shouldn’t be used for formatting

Be careful when you use the `title` attribute

CommonJS & `require`